Weathering events

Reduced risk of harm from changing weather patterns Reduced risk of harm from extreme weather events ... 

Thomas KM, Charron DF, Waltner-Toe ws D et al (2006) A role of high impact weather events in waterborne disease outbreaks in Canada, 1975-2001. IntJ Environ Health Res 16 168-180... 

Greenough G, McGeehin M, Bernard SM et al (2001) The potential impacts of climate variability and change on health impacts of extreme weather events in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 109 191-198... 

Contribution to an International Network and a Standardized Methodology for the Investigation of Natural Disasters to Learn from Rare Severe Weather Events (like Ice Storm 98 ). 

Civil Infrastructure made to withstand the best predictions of likely Extreme Weather Events and with adequate Durability for their exposure to Worsened Average Conditions (CAN/CSA S478 is the Canadian Standards Association s Guideline for Durability in Buildings ). 

Changes in Local Climatic Averages and in Frequency and Severity of Extreme Weather Events, mostly due to Global Warming. 

In both the roles, insurance companies deal with the management of risk activities. In fact, climate change risk is managed by the insurers through the risks they accept from clients, given that climate change causes an increase in intensity and spreading the distribution of extreme weather events with resultant effects on property claims that could be catastrophic.5... 

In this way, the insurance industry provides a coverage for climate change consequences because climate experts predict changes in the intensity and the distribution of extreme weather events and of the resulting risk of catastrophic property claims. 

Insurance coverage can be also connected with the liability system. But, for what concerns the consequences of climate change, such as impacts of property damage from extreme weather events, the assignment of liability is a very complex topic. See Reference [12]. 

FIGURE 7.12. Results for validation of the conceptual sewer process model for prediction of wastewater quality changes. Measured and simulated absolute values and changes of COD fractions for 29 dry-weather events are compared for wastewater transport in a 5.2 km gravity sewer line from Dronninglund to Asaa. 

Any current warming of the earth is small and is probably quite normal climate variability, (2) There is no noticeable increase in the frequency of extreme weather events, (3) Talk of rising sea levels is alarmist and not supported by data, (4) Despite claims to the contrary, research shows that temperatures and carbon dioxide levels have been higher than today, (5) The current level of carbon dioxide is no cause for alarm,. . . and (7) An increase in the level of carbon dioxide is not the cause of global warming. 

External disasters can trigger internal disasters for an organization. A severe weather condition like a snowstorm or a geological event like an earthquake can create both conditions for a hospital. During severe weather events, staff may not be able to commute to work, but trauma cases may increase, and this results in a situation where there is short staffing with a simultaneous increase in demand for services. An earthquake may cause structural damage to the hospital, destroy roads and highways, and cause mass casualties in the community. Such a hospital would be faced with simultaneous internal and external disasters. 

The agency must assure that each of its own employees are competent in basic emergency preparedness, and there is adequate surge capacity within its own organization to be prepared to respond to routine emergencies, some of which can be expected, such as power outages, weather events, or other limited events. 

Warm weather events Increase the likelihood of heat-related problems, especially among athletes, but also among the spectators. 

Weather conditions are a major factor in the types of illnesses and injuries that the nurse will need to respond to. Papal visits to San Antonio and Denver resulted in many persons with heat-related illnesses (Gordon, 1988 Paul, 1993). Rapid changes in weather patterns during a mass event are associated with an increased number of individuals seeking care (Walsh, 1994). Insect stings occur primarily in warm weather. Warm weather events increase the likelihood of heat-related problems. 

Daily pollen and spore counts provide a snapshot of the atmosphere in a given area and typically represent the average daily concentration from a single air sampler. However, a great deal of variability exists within the atmosphere and physicians should be aware of the clinical implications of this variability. Major causes of variability relate to the diurnal rhythms of spore discharge, discharge related to weather events, seasonal effects, and spatial effects. Also contributing to variability are the ways that different spore types respond to environmental conditions. 

Filippelh G. M. (1997b) Intensification of the Asian monsoon and a chemical weathering event in the late Miocene-early Pliocene impheations for late Neogene climate change. 

By the 1940s, upper-level measurements of pressure, temperature, wind and humidity clarified more about the vertical properties of the atmosphere. In the 1950s, radar became important for detecting precipitation over a remote area. Also in the 1950s, with the invention of the computer, weather forecasting became not only quicker but also more reliable, because the computers could solve the mathematical equations of the atmospheric models much faster. In 1960, the first meteorological satellite was launched to provide 24-hour monitoring of weather events worldwide. 

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