Substance-like quantity

The rates of multiphase reactions are often controlled by mass tran.sfer across the interface. An enlargement of the interfacial surface area can then speed up reactions and also affect selectivity. Formation of micelles (these are aggregates of surfactants, typically 400-800 nm in size, which can solubilize large quantities of hydrophobic substance) can lead to an enormous increase of the interfacial area, even at low concentrations. A qualitatively similar effect can be reached if microemulsions or hydrotropes are created. Microemulsions are colloidal dispersions that consist of monodisperse droplets of water-in-oil or oil-in-water, which are thermodynamically stable. Typically, droplets are 10 to 100 pm in diameter. Hydrotropes are substances like toluene/xylene/cumene sulphonic acids or their Na/K salts, glycol.s, urea, etc. These. substances are highly soluble in water and enormously increase the solubility of sparingly. soluble solutes. 

Convention on Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal and 69 ratified the ban on all kinds of hazardous waste export from wealthy OECD-countries to non-OECD countries, large amounts of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) are shipped overseas for recycling, the majority to China as reported by Brigden et al. [2] and Puckett et al. [3], lesser quantities to India and Western Africa reported by Kuper and Hojsik [4]. WEEE contains a variety of harmful substances like endocrine disruptors and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Additionally, hazardous substances may be formed during informal recycling. This often practised informal treatment without proper equipment for metal extraction and labour safety heavily affects the environment and human health of workers and the inhabitants of whole stretches of land. 

Clearly the result is not very sensitive to the guess of the initial cell abundance Of course, all of this presumes that other factors do not limit the microbial population growth in this catastrophic incident-type case. Such factors would include difficulties of mass transport of pollutant molecules (e.g., in an oil slick or tar balls) to microorganisms in a water column (e.g., Uraizee et al., 1998). Also other critical substances like 02 or the nutrients such as nitrogen or phosphorus species must be present in sufficient quantities to permit unchecked microbial growth. 

Banned substances must meet several criteria for anabolic steroids set up in the 1991 Controlled Substances Act. These dietary supplements have met all the criteria but one whether or not they build muscle. A variety of current studies are underway, particularly to determine if these supplements convert to sufficient testosterone to stimulate muscle growth. If research shows this to be true, the DEA is expected to add them to the list of banned substances, since substantial quantities would likely produce the same side effects as AASs. 

Volume V is a quantity representing the product of three lengths. The volume of a substance, like its mass, depends on the amount of material considered. Specific or molar volume, on the other hand, is defined as volume per unit mass... 

In the pressure range 0.05 < P/P < 0.35, the quantity [V(P /P) — 1] 1 increases linearly with P/P from the slope s" and intercept "i", one obtains bm0n0 = 1 /(s + i) and c = 1 + s/i. Thus, the BET isotherm measures the effective specific surface of a particulate solid support substances like silica gel, zeolite, and so on, can have a specific surface useful for heterogeneous catalysis, provided that it exceeds 200 m2 g... 

When electrolyte solutions are subjected to such measurements, abnormal results are obtained. When substances like sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate are examined, the depression of freezing point or the elevation of boiling point is about twice that calculated from the relative molecular mass, with calcium chloride or sodium sulphate these quantities are three times those expected. Keeping in mind what has been said above, we can say that the number of particles in the solution of sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate is twice the number of molecules present, while in the case of calcium chloride or sodium sulphate there are three particles present for each molecule. 

Mononitration of benzene is carried out at about 60° and dinitration meta isomer) at about 95° further nitration is difficult. In a similar manner, toluene gives rise to o- and p-nitrotoluenes (90%) and a small quantity of the meta isomer, isopropylbenzene (cumene) goes predominantly to p-nitrocumene (89%), and t-butylbenzene to p-nitro-t-butyl-benzene (74%). For the nitration of an easily oxidizable substance like p-cymene, a good emulsion and careful temperature control are important. ... 

After the discovery of the thermometer it became possible to study the interchange of heat between hot and cold bodies. The results of this investigation are as follows AVhen I kg. of water at 100° C. is mixed with an equal quantity of water at 0° C., the resulting mixture assumes a temperature of 50° C. If. 2 kg. of water at 100° C. are mixed with I kg. at 0°, we obtain a temperature of 66f° C., if 9 kg. at 100° are mixed with I kg. at zero, we obtain water at 90°, and so on. It appeared plausible therefore to regard the heat substance, like other material substances, as indestructible, and, therefore, to apply to it a law of conservation. From this it followed that the total heat content of a system would be unchanged by the equalisation of the temperature of its parts, and therefore that the heat w hich is absorbed by the cold bodies in the process of heating up is exactly equal to the heat which is set free by the coohng of the hot bodies. 

It would be very valuable to measure in a number of examples the percentage of each metabolite which is formed in order to see what relation exists between these percentages and the quantities I and /. If the approximation which is now accepted is correct, it seems likely that the proportion of substances like (I) should increase with 1/(1+J) while, on the contrary, substances like (II), (III), and (IV) should depend on //(/+/). 

The mixing of neutral polymers with particles of conductive substances like metals or carbon black for the purpose of modifying the electrical conductivity of polymers has been demonstrated in many works. Electric conduction in such composite materials is achieved due to contacts between the conductive particles dispersed in the polymeric matrix. In order to obtain continuous conductive paths in such a system the quantity of the additive has to be relatively large. However, the presence of these additives has an undesirable effect on the mechanical properties of the composite. ... 

The extensive quantities Q which we can imagine as a something distributed in space are called substance-like. Mass m, amount b of a substance B, and electric charge Q are some of these, and so are energy, momentum, and entropy, which are... 

Momentum is a vector quantity, which makes it somewhat difficult to deal with. However, it is not more complicated than other vector quantities such as velocity, acceleration, force, etc. In fact, it is less difficult because of its substance-like character. Firstly, it is enough to simply observe motion in one direction, for... 

Release of energy by a drop of a flowing something (characterized by a substance-like quantity) from a higher to a lower potential. 

The velocity Vx appears here in the role of a potential belonging to the substance-like quantity momentum px- We describe it as kinetic or kinematic to distinguish it from other potentials such as the chemical potential or the thermal potential T. 

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