Quality factor performance

Sf = product SEWMj [of the stress value, S the appropriate quality factor, E, from Tables IX-2 or IX-3A weld joint strength reduction factor per para. IP-2.2.10(e) and the performance factor, Mj(see Mandatory Appendix IX)] for flange or pipe material see para. IP-2.2.7(c). 

This casting quality factor is applicable only when proper supplementary examination has been performed (see para. IP-2.2.8). 

The procedure consists of three steps. The first step is to identify all the desired product quality factors or attributes for the new product. Then what follows is the selection of the appropriate product form and microstructure, a stable surfactant system with the right performance based on phase behavior, and the appropriate active ingredients in order to realize those quality factors previously identified. Finally the process flowsheet will be created with the equipment units and process operating conditions determined. 

In the process of realizing product quality factors by changing product formulation, the relevant performance indices have to be determined. The determination process in turn requires experience and technical expertise. For detergent products the performance indices need to be considered include (1) optimum hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, HLB0p (2) critical micelle concentration, CMC (3) soil solubilization capacity, S (4) Krafft point,... 

Table 2. Examples of relationships between quality factors and performance indices.

Performance Indices Quality Factors Optimum E1LB Critical micelle concentration (CMC) Soil solubilization capacity Krafft point (ionic surfactants only) Cloud point (nonionic surfactants only) Viscosity Calcium binding capacity Surface tension reduction at CMC Dissolution time Material and/or structural attributes... 

Some quality factors, especially secondary ones, depend directly on material or structural attributes of the product. These product quality factors are often arbitrary and can only be qualitatively evaluated by panels of consumers or experts. Convenience for use, product stability, and ability for human skin protection are all examples of these quality factors. Each arbitrary performance index has specific relationships with the material/structural attributes. In such cases, the desirable quality factor can be realized by directly changing the formulation without concerning any of the performance indices. An example can be that to make a laundry detergent product more convenient to use, the product form can be changed from powder to tablet. Another example is that to make a highly biodegradable product, surfactants with less branching should be used. 

Performance indices only point out the general direction for the product formulation. For more specific information required in the formulation process, heuristics are usually used to choose the appropriate product form, surfactant system, and additives. This step aims at choosing the appropriate product formulation, namely the product form with the right materials (surfactant system and additives) and product structure, to bring about the quality factors previously mentioned. 

Table 16.2-1. Performance indices for typical chemical-based product quality factors [5],...

There are also some technological factors that influence the quality of the polymer. The design of the reactors, the flow of the molten polymer and the way of heating the systems are decisive for quality and performance [28], Valves, tube turns, in- and out-take flanges, mixing elements and welding seams are often... 

The following considerations, when applied during method development, are likely to produce more robust, reliable, and transferable methods (a) the concerns of the customer (user) are considered in advance, (b) key process input variables are identified, (c) criticaTto-quality factors are determined, (d) several method verification tests are installed, (e) proactive evaluation of method performance during development is performed, (f) continuous customer involvement and focus are institutionalized, and (g) method capability assessment (suitability to be applied for release testing against specification limits) is established. 

For advanced electrochemical applications of SAMs in this area, their design is, therefore, a key issue. While SAMs are often perceived to form easily well-defined structures, a closer look into the literature reveals that thiol SAMs, in fact, very often lack the structural quality anticipated. Contrasting their ease of preparation, orga-nosulfur SAMs represent systems whose structure is determined by a complex interplay of interactions and if those are not properly taken into account, a SAM of limited structural quality and performance will result. To optimize SAMs for electrochemical applications and to exploit their properties for electrochemical nanotechnology it is, therefore, crucial to identify the factors controlling their structure. For this reason we start with an account of the structural aspects of SAMs. 

This description reflects a view from the manufacturing side— beginning with the end in mind. Therefore, the goal Product quality and performance achieved and assured by design of effective and efficient manufacturing processes is placed before Product specifications based on mechanistic understanding of how formulation and process factors impact product performance. ... 

Risk based regulatory scrutiny that relates to the level of scientific understanding of how formulation and manufacturing process factors affect product quality and performance and the capability of process control strategies to prevent or mitigate risk of producing a poor quality product. 

To summarize, the quality and performance of pyrotechnic formulations depend on a number of important factors [6] ... 

Level 3 changes are those that are likely to have a significant impact on formulation quality and performance. Tests and filing documentation vary depending on the following three factors therapeutic range, solubility, and permeability. For example ... 

A simpler and perhaps more concise definition might state Power quality is a set of electrical boundaries that allows a piece of equipment to function in its intended manner without significant loss of performance or life expectancy. This definition embraces two things that we demand from an electrical device performance and life expectancy. Any power-related problem that compromises either attribute is a power quality concern. In light of this definition of power quality, this chapter provides an introduction to the more common power quality terms. Along with definitions of the terms, explanations are included in parentheses where necessary. This chapter also attempts to explain how power quality factors interact in an electrical system. 

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