Pupils

M.p. 114-116 C. Prepared by racemization of hyoscyamine. It and its salts are used to dilate the pupil of the eye. Given internally they reduce the secretion of saliva and relieve spasmodic pains. 

Review Problem 8 Suggest a synthesis of the mydriatic (dilates the pupils of tlie eyes) cyclopentolate, TM 110. 

Atropiae (41), isolated from the deadly nightshade Airopa belladonna L.) is the racemic form, as isolated, of (—)-hyoscyamine [which is not isolated, of course, from the same plant but is typically found ia solanaceous plants such as henbane (HyosQiamus mgerl. )]. Atropiae is used to dilate the pupil of the eye ia ocular inflammations and is available both as a parasympatholytic agent for relaxation of the intestinal tract and to suppress secretions of the saUvary, gastric, and respiratory tracts. In conjunction with other agents it is used as part of an antidote mixture for organophosphorus poisons (see Chemicals in war). 

Atropine causes dilation of the pupil of the eye. A drop or two of an aqueous solution, containing 1 part in 130,000 parts of water, introduced into the eye of a cat is sufficient to produce this effect. When warmed with sulphuric acid and a small crystal of potassium dichromate, atropine develops a bitter almond odour. Evaporated to dryness on a water-bath with concentrated nitric acid, it gives a residue which becomes violet on adding a drop of sodium hydroxide solution in alcohol (Vitali s test). With a solution of mercuric chloride atropine gives a yellow to red precipitate of mercuric oxide. 

The alkaloid is principally used in medicine to cause dilatation of the pupil of the eye (mydriasis), due to paralysis of the circular muscle of the ns. The accommodation is also paralysed as a result of action on the ciliary muscle (cycloplegia). Atropine is also used in conditions where... 

It resembles atropine in its range of activity but in particular types of action it may differ quantitatively thus its action on the pupil is equal to that of atropine but shorter in duration, and that is also true of its antagonisni to the effect of acetylcholine on the isolated perfused cat s COTt, but its activity on the salivary gland and the blood pressure of the. IS greater than that of atropine, while its action on smooth muscle... 

While this work was in progress Spath and Bretschneider showed that strychnine, on oxidation with permanganate in alkaline solution, furnished W-oxalylanthranilic acid (VII), brucine yielding oxalyl-4 5-dimethoxy-anthranilic acid, the latter observation providing confirmation of the evidence previously adduced that the two methoxy-groups in brucine are in the oj Ao-position relative to each other as indicated by Lions, Perkin and Robinson. The results so far considered indicate the presence in brucine and strychnine of the complex (VIII), which can be extended to (IX) if account is taken of the readiness with which carbazole can be obtained from strychnine and brucine and certain of their derivatives by decomposition with alkali at temperatures ranging from 200° to 400°, Knowledge of the structure of the rest of the molecule is mainly due to the results of the exhaustive study by Leuchs and his pupils of the oxidation... 

Pilocarpine is being less used in medicine as a diaphoretic in dropsy and similar diseases because of its depressant action on the heart. It has also been employed as a substitute for physostigmine to contract the pupil and reduce intraocular pressure. It has been used as an antidote to atropine, but it does not antagonise the action of atropine in the central nervous system. 

Oedrenol, which was isolated from oediir-wood oil by Semmler aud his pupils is a primary sesquiterpene alcoliol, having the following char-... 

At the outset, attention may be drawn to the f ct that the greater part of our knowledge of the development of the essential oil in the plant tissue is due to the painstaking researches of Charabot and his pupils. And a very considerable amount of the information included in this chapter is acknowledged to this source. 

Terpineol (that is a-terpineol) has been prepared synthetically by Perkin and his pupils, his method being described under the synthesis of limonene. 

Pupillenerweiterung, /. dilation of the pupil. Puppe,/. pupa cocoon doll puppet dummy. Puppenkokon, n. cocoon. 

Kamerlingh Onnes does not fit the description of a loner on the contrary, he created one of the first laboratories to be set up as if it were a factory. Per Dahl in his comparison between Kamerlingh Onnes and his British counterpart, James Dewar, states that Onnes, to be sure was paternalistic, opinionated, and a man of strong principles—traits not uncommon among the moguls of late nineteenth-centuiy science—but that he proved to be a benevolent leader, kind and scrupulously fair in his relations with friends and pupils alike—behavior that was certainly within the norms ofhis time. 

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