Scale Applications

Lewis J W, Tilton R F, Einterz C M, Milder S J, Kuntz I D and Kliger D S 1985 New technique for measuring circular dichroism changes on a nanosecond time scale. Application to (carbonmonoxy)myoglobin and (carbonmonoxy)hemoglobin J. Rhys. Chem. 89 289-94... 

Incineration with heat recovery Energy in the form of steam None Markets for steam required proven in numerous full-scale applications air-quality regulations possibly prohibiting use... 

A rather strange but nevertheless large-scale application of U-F resins is in the manufacture of firelighters, made by a modification of the foam process. The resin solution is blended with a small amount of detergent and then whisked with paraffin. A hardener is added and the resin allowed to set. In effect the product is a U-F foam saturated with paraffin. 

A process scale application of Sephacryl S-100 is demonstrated by the polishing of a pharmaceutical in a system of three BPSS columns giving a final bed volume of 2500 liters (Fig. 2.9, page 51). 

Tin is unsurpassed by any other metal in the multiplicity of applications of its organometallic compounds. The first organotin compound was made in 1849 but large-scale applications have developed only recently indeed, world production figures for organotin compounds increased more than 700-fold between 1950 and 1980 ... 

In 1996, consumption in the western world was 14.2 tonnes of rhodium and 3.8 tonnes of iridium. Unquestionably the main uses of rhodium (over 90%) are now catalytic, e.g. for the control of exhaust emissions in the car (automobile) industry and, in the form of phosphine complexes, in hydrogenation and hydroformylation reactions where it is frequently more efficient than the more commonly used cobalt catalysts. Iridium is used in the coating of anodes in chloralkali plant and as a catalyst in the production of acetic acid. It also finds small-scale applications in specialist hard alloys. 

In the short term, we do not expect chiral membranes to find large-scale application. Therefore, membrane-assisted enantioselective processes are more likely to be applied. The two processes described in more detail (liquid-membrane fractionation and micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration) rely on established membrane processes and make use of chiral interactions outside the membrane. The major advantages of these... 

Grant, A. D. (1997). Simplified Tidal Barrage for Small-Scale Applications. Journal of Energy Engineering 123 11-19. 

Although electricity production is the primary use of wind turbines, other applications still exist. Water pumping, desalination, and ice-making are applications that wind turbines serve. Wind turbine rotors for small-scale applications generally range in size from less than 1 m diameter to 15 m diameter, with power ratings from 300 W to 50 kW. 

It is interesting that the first large-scale application of cathodic protection by Davy was directed at protecting copper rather than steel. It is also a measure of Davy s grasp of the topic that he was able to consider the use of two techniques of cathodic protection, viz. sacrificial anodes and impressed current, and two types of sacrificial anode, viz. zinc and cast iron. 

Epoxidation of olefins with meta-chloroperbenzoic acid, (MCPBA) remains to this day among the most widely used methods for research-scale applications [16], Discovered by Nikolai Prilezahev in 1909 [17], it became popular only decades later, mostly through the works of Daniel Swern in the 1940s [18]. Despite its simplicity, and not unlike most epoxidation methods in use today, it suffers from undesired epoxide opening caused by the slight acidity of the reaction milieu. Although acid-catalyzed side reactions can sometimes be minimized by use of buffered systems... 

Also illustrated in Figure 6.17 there is another important antibiotic, amoxicillin. Both amoxicillin and ampiciilin can be made enzymatically or chemically. Although enzymes are available that can be applied very well for the conversion of 6-APA into a variety of semi-synthetic penicillins, economic reasons are still impeding large scale applications. 

This chapter discusses the present status of microbial SCP production from agricultural wastes and describes some of the technical and economical problems related to the production processes that must be overcome for large-scale application to be possible. 

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