Pseudomonas siderophores

Demange P, Wendenbaum S, Linget C, Bateman A, MacLeod J, Dell A, Albrecht AM, Abdallah MA (1989) Pseudomonas Siderophores Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Pyoverdins and Related Peptides. Second Forum on Peptides 174 95... 

Matthijs S, Tehrani KA, Laus G, Jackson RW, Cooper RM, Comelis P (2007) Thioquino-lobactin, a Pseudomonas Siderophore with Antifungal and anti-Pythium Activity. Environ Microbiol 9 425... 

M. Teintze, M. B. Hussain, C. L. Barnes, J. Leong, and D. Van dcr Helm, Structure of ferric pscudobactin, a siderophore from a plant growth promoting Pseudomonas. Biochemistry 20 422 (1981). 

P. A. H. M. Bakker, A. W. Bakker, J. D. Murugg, P. J. Weisbeek, and B. Schippers, Bioassay for studying the role of siderophores in potato growth stimulation by Pseudomonas spp. in short potato rotations. Soil Biology and Biochemistry / 9 443 (1987). 

Depending on the ability of specific transport systems to utilize the predominant metal chelates present in the soil solution, competition may occur between plants and microorganisms and between different types of microorganisms for available iron. This has been particularly well studied for Pseudomonas sp., which produce highly unique iron chelators that are utilized in a strain specific manner but which also retain the ability to use more generic siderophores pro-... 

Figure 3 Root fingerprints of Pseudomimets sp. associated with barley seedlings showing the production of siderophore by actively growing bacteria located in the zone of elongation behind the root tips. Root.s were pressed on to an iron-deficient minimal medium selective for Pseudomonas. After growth of the colonies, the production of siderophore was visualized by exposure of the agar plate to ultraviolet light, which causes the siderophore to Huoresce.

A. Walter, V. Romheld, H. Marshner, and D. E. Crowley, Iron nutrition of cucumber and maize —effect of Pseudomonas putida YC-3 and its siderophore.. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26 1023 (1994). 

J. S. Buyer, M. G. Kratzke, L. J. Sikora, A method for detection of pseudobactin the siderophore produced by a plant-growth-promoting Pseudomonas strain in the barley rhizosphere. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59 611 (1993). 

E. Bar-Ness, Y. Chen, Y. Hadar, H. Marschner, and V. Romheld, Siderophores of Pseudomonas puiida as an iron source for dicot and monocot plants. Iron Nutrition and Interactions in Plants (Y. Chen and Y. Hadar, eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1992, pp. 271-281. 

J. Morris, D. F. Donnelly, E. O Neill, F. McConnell, and F. O Gara, F. Nucleotide sequence analysis and potential environmental distribution of a ferric pseudobactin receptor gene of Pseudomonas sp. strain Ml 14. Mol. Gen. Genet. 242 9 (1994). J. M. Raaijmakers, W. Bitter, H. L. M. Punte, P. A. H. M. Bakker, P. J. Weisbeek, and B. Schippers, Siderophore receptor PupA as a marker to monitor wild-type Pseudomonas piitida WCS358 in natural environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60 1184 (1994). 

McEldowney (2000) reported that 65% of Cd2+ was associated with the cell walls of Pseudomonas fluorescens, while 33% was present in the cytoplasm, and 2% was bound to extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) excreted by the bacteria. EPS include polyssacharides, proteins and siderophores. Organic matter, derived from dead microbes, can also form extracellular complexes with metals. 

Pyoverdin-like siderophores with other chromophores have also been observed (see Fig. 1) (45). The 5,6-dihydropyoverdins (Chra without the 5,6-double bond) and the ferribactins (Chrc) are considered to be biogenetic precursors of the pyoverdins 318) (the term ferribactin was originally used for the Fe " complex 221) and later for the free ligand). An azotobactin chromophore (Chrd, see also below Sect. 2.2) is occasionally found in Pseudomonas isolates e.g. 146)). Siderophores produced by a specific Pseudomonas strain but differing in the chromophore always have identical peptide chains. 

Isopyoverdins contain the siderophore Fig. 1, Chrb with aspartic acid as the first amino acid. They have been encountered so far only in isolates from Pseudomonas putida strains, e.g. BTPl 168) 6). 

Condensation products of DHB (which usually is found also in the fermentation broth) with amino acids were reported, viz. with glycine ixom Bacillus subtilis (164) named subsequently itoic acid (282) with serine from Escherichia coli (261) and Klebsiella oxytoca (196) with threonine from Klebsiella oxytoca (196) and Rhizobium spp. (275, 327) with arginine from Pseudomonas stutzeri (62) with glycine and threonine from Rhizobium sp. (240) with threonine and lysine as well as with leucine and lysine from Azospirillum lipoferum (312, 320). In most cases the isolate (sometimes designated as being a siderophore) was hydrolyzed and the constituents were determined by paper chromatography. The relative amounts of the constituents, the chiralities of the amino acids and the molecular mass of the isolate have not been determined. Hence it is not known whether condensation products of the enterobactin type exist. 

From Burkholderia cepacia (formerly Pseudomonas cepacia) three siderophores named omibactins (33) were isolated for which the stmctures were determined by... 

Corrugatin (34) (Fig. 9) is the siderophore of Pseudomonas corrugata (302). It was also found as secondary siderophore of several pyoverdin producing Pseudomonas strains as P. fluorescens, occasionally in slightly modified forms such as... 

From Pseudomonas mendocina five siderophores were isolated by chromatography. They are reported to have identical molecular masses of 1,152 Da (the also reported 3a) value of 929 Da is an error L. E. Hersman, private communication) and an identical amino acid composition, which has not been revealed 141a). Color reactions show the presence of a hydroxamate, but not of a catecholate grouping. A gene analysis suggests a partial sequence acyl-Asp-Dab-Ser-formylOHOm-Ser-formylOHOm where asparagine could be OHAsp and the C-terminal ornithine cOHOm 9b). In which way the five isomeric siderophores with identical molecular masses differ from each other is not clear. 

A group of related siderophores comprises the desferri- or deferriferrioxamines (occasionally abbreviated as desferrioxamines) or proferrioxamines. Originally they were obtained from Actinomycetes, mainly Nocardia and Streptomyces spp. (187) and later found to be produced also by Erwinia spp. (several representatives) (e.g. (30a, 113,115,180)), Arthrobacter simplex (B), Chromobacterium violaceum (E) (246a), and by Pseudomonas stutzeri (several) (229a, 246,398). They consist of three (or in rare cases four) mono-N-hydroxy-l,4-diaminobutane (putrescine), mono-iV-hydroxy-l,5-diaminopentane (cadaverine) or (rarely) mono-N-hydroxy-1,3-diaminopropane units connected by succinic acid links. The hydroxylated terminus carries an acetyl or a succinyl (as in the structural formula heading Table 6)... 

Achromobactin (60, Fig. 18) is produced by Erwinia chrysanthemi in addition to chrysobactin (see above under the catecholate siderophores, Sect. 2.7). It has two chiral centers, a L-Dab unit and the central citric acid C-atom (not determined) (249). Recently, achromobactin was also found to be produced by Pseudomonas syringae (30b), a very versatile bacterial species (see pyoverdin, Sect. 2.1, and yersiniabactin. Sect. 5). 

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