Arthrobacter simplex

This approach has been used with a wide variety of organisms, although it is more commonly employed using Arthrobacter simplex, Brevibacterium lipolyticum, Corynebacterium spp and certain strains of Nocardia. 

Typically, sterol concentrations of 3 to 4 g l 1 are used and incubation times of about lOOh. Yields are dependent upon the species and substrates used. Some data relating to the yields of l,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione from various sterols and steroids using cultures of Arthrobacter simplex are reported in Table 9.3. 

Arthrobacter simplex FERM P-4477 3-hydroxy-9-oxo-9,10-sec pregna-1,3,5 triene-20-carboxylic add Mitsubishi... 

TG Park, AS Hoffman. Immobilization of Arthrobacter simplex in thermally reversible hydrogels Effect of gel hydrophobicity on steroid conversion. Biotech Prog 7 383-390, 1991. 

Chen, Y.-R., Huang, H.-H., Cheng, Y.-F. et al. (2006) Expression of a cholesterol oxidase gene from Arthrobacter simplex in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 39, 854-860. 

Under continuous flow conditions involving feeding, aeration, settling, and reflux, a mixture of jD-chloronitrobenzene and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene was reduced 61-70% after 8-13 d by Arthrobacter simplex, a microorganism isolated from industrial waste. A similar experiment was conducted using two aeration columns. One column contained A. simplex, the other a mixture of A. simplex and microorganisms isolated from soil Streptomyces coelicolor, Fusarium sp., probably aquaeductum and Trichoderma viride). After 10 d, 89.5-91% of the nitro compounds was reduced. p-Chloronitrobenzene was reduced to 4-chloroaniline and six unidentified compounds (Bielaszczyk et al., 1967). 

A group of related siderophores comprises the desferri- or deferriferrioxamines (occasionally abbreviated as desferrioxamines) or proferrioxamines. Originally they were obtained from Actinomycetes, mainly Nocardia and Streptomyces spp. (187) and later found to be produced also by Erwinia spp. (several representatives) (e.g. (30a, 113,115,180)), Arthrobacter simplex (B), Chromobacterium violaceum (E) (246a), and by Pseudomonas stutzeri (several) (229a, 246,398). They consist of three (or in rare cases four) mono-N-hydroxy-l,4-diaminobutane (putrescine), mono-iV-hydroxy-l,5-diaminopentane (cadaverine) or (rarely) mono-N-hydroxy-1,3-diaminopropane units connected by succinic acid links. The hydroxylated terminus carries an acetyl or a succinyl (as in the structural formula heading Table 6)... 

The present type of thermosensitive gel has been applied in the immobilization of Arthrobacter simplex cells, and the bioconversion of a steroid (hydrocortisone -> prednisolone by 3-ketosteroid-A1-dehydrogenase in A. simplex) was examined using the thermal cycling method [65]. In this case, the thermal cycling was... 

The bioconversion of hydrocortisone to prednisolone by free, immobilized, and reused immobilized cells of Bacillus sphaericus ATCC 13805, B. sphaericus SRP III, and Arthrobacter simplex 6946 was investigated in an aqueous as well as a two-liquid-phase system using various organic solvents [141]. The immobilized cells... 

Immobilized micTOorganisms, in particular Arthrobacter simplex and Nocardia rhodocrous, and fungal spores, in particular those from Septomyxa t finis, can also be used to effect dehydrogenations. Dehydrogenations may also be advantageously carried out in the presence of hydrocarbon solvents, for example the conversion of ba-methylhydrocortisone (62) to 6a-methylpredisolone (63 equation 20) with Arthrobacter simplex. ... 

Dehydrogenation of (424) and (425) by Arthrobacter simplex, containing a steroid 1,2-dehydrogenase and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthaquinone as hydrogen acceptor, occurred selectively on those enantiomers possessing lOK-chirality to produce optically active (426) and (427). Subsequent reductive aromatisation and acetylation afforded both enantiomeric forms of the c-nor-D-homo-oestradiol (422). 

---