Pseudomonas endotoxin

Endotoxin. Endotoxin is the lipopolysaccharide that comprises a major portion of the cell wall of the gram-negative bacteria. The endotoxins from each species of bacteria are different but the lipid A moiety is similar for the Enterobacterlaceae, and has a similar series of biological actions regardless of its source. The lipid A material is different in some of the gram-negative rods present in cotton (i.e. in the Pseudomonas species). This variety of compounds makes quantitation of endotoxin difficult. Hence, it is usually measured by its biological activity as compared to a standard endotoxin (usually that of E. coll). (See Table VIII.)... 

Protection of rats from devl. of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections Activation of multiple effector pathwaye (Tcells, Bcells, macrophages) Protection of mice from devl. of C. albicans infection (macrophages) Polysaccharides as antineoplastic immunostimulators (NK cells) Proliferative responses of blood lymphocytes Protection of ginseng saponins of immunosuppression in mice Inhibition on bacterial endotoxin-induced embryolethality in rats Induction of neutrophil accumulation in mice... 

Pseudomonas) as well as elevated levels of endotoxin (>50EU/m3) are thought to be responsible for respiratory symptoms. Limited evidence from dose-response relation studies indicate that development of symptoms is related to duration and intensity of exposure (Jeebhay et al. 2001, 2005). 

Pollack, M., Huang, A.I., Prescott, R.K., Young, L.S., Hunter, K.W., Cruess, D.F., Tsai, C.M. Enhanced survival in Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia associated with high levels of circulating antibody to Escherichia coli endotoxin core. J Clin Invest 72 (1983) 1874-1881. 

Romulo, R.L., Palardy, J.E., Opal, S.M. Efficacy of anti-endotoxin monoclonal antibody E5 alone or in combination with ciprofloxacin in neutropenic rats with Pseudomonas sepsis. J Infect Dis 167 (1993) 126-130. 

They are generally toxic to most body tissues, and are less potent than exotoxins. They are typified by the following, Escherichia coli (wound infection and septicaemia), Klebsiella pneumoniae (urogenital tract infections). Shigella dysenterlae (dysentery). Salmonella typhosa (typhoid fever), Pasteurella pestis (bubonic plague) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (wound infections and septicaemia). Not all of these endotoxins are fully characterized, and some toxic mechanisms are obscure. 

Various preparations of 8-endotoxin (CrylA(c), CrylC, or Cry3A) are also marketed. The toxins are produced by engineered Pseudomonas fluorescence and are formulated as microcapsules or as granular formulations. They are used against Lepidoptera, armyworms, Colorado beetles, and corn borers. 

Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Thermoactinomyces, Enterobacter, Corynebacterium Bacterial products or components Endotoxins Exotoxins Peptidoglycans Teichoic acids... 

Purity control limits contamination with pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli. Salmonella-species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium-species and others), yeasts, moulds, microbial toxins (aflatoxins, endotoxins), toxic heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic e.g. from industrial emission), pesticide and herbicide residues, fumigants (ethylene oxide, methyl bromide, phosphine) and radionuclides. Furthermore, impurities with other plants parts ( foreign organic matter ) are limited. Moist levels must be below a certain maximum to avoid deterioration by microorganisms. Excreta of animals and dead insects must be absent. The ash value and acid-insoluble ash limits the amount of inorganic impurities (soil, sand). 

Lishko, V.K., Lishko, O.V., and Hoffman, R.M., 1993, The preparation of endotoxin-free L-methionine-a-deamino-7-merc q>tomethane-lyase (L-methioninase) from Pseudomonas putida. Protein Expression and Purification 4 529-533. 

Tests for microbial limits may also have to be considered depending on the nature of the API, its method of manufacture, and its intended use. Sterility testing may be appropriate for APIs that will be used in parenteral or oral solution products that are sterile. Endotoxin testing may be needed for APIs intended for injectable products. Testing for the total count of aerobic microorganisms, yeasts, and molds and the absence of specific objectionable bacteria, such as Staphylococ-cus aureus, Escherichia coli. Salmonella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, may also be required. The tests described in the various compendia are generally used. 

Stone, T.B., S.R. Sims, and P.G. Marrone. 1989. Selection of tobacco budworm for resistance to a genetically engineered Pseudomonas fluorescens containing the 5-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 53 228-234. 

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