Saponins ginseng

Tachikawa E, Kudo K, Harada K, Kashimoto T, Miyate Y, Kakizaki A and Takahashi E (1999). Effects of ginseng saponins on responses induced by various receptor stimuli. European Journal of Pharmacology, 369, 23-32. 

Kim, D.S. et al., Anticomplementary activity of ginseng saponins and their degradation products, Phytochemistry, 47, 397, 1998. 

Takei, M. et al., Dendritic cells maturation promoted by Ml and M4, end products of steroidal ginseng saponins metabolized in digestive tracts, drive a potent Th 1 polarization, Biochem Pharmacol, 68,441, 2004. 

Ackloo, S. Z., Smith, R. W., Terlouw, J. K., and McCarry, B. E. (2000). Characterization of ginseng saponins using electrospray mass spectrometry and collision-induced dissociation experiments of metal-attachment ions. Analyst 125, 591-597. 

Asafu-Adjaye, E. B. and Wong, S. K. (2003). Determination of ginsenosides (ginseng saponins) in dry root powder from Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and selected commercial products by liquid chromatography Interlaboratory study. /. AOAC Int. 86, 1112-1123. 

Fukuda, N., Tanaka, H., and Shoyama, Y. (1999). Western blotting for ginseng saponins, gmsenosides using anti-ginsenoside Rbl monoclonal antibody. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 22, 219-220. 

Hasegawa, H., Sung, J.-H., Matsumiya, S., and Uchiyama, M. (1996). Main ginseng saponin metabolites formed by intestinal bacteria. Planta Med. 62, 453 57. 

Kim, D.-H., Jung, J.-S., Moon, Y.-S., Sung, J.-H., Suh, H.-W., Kim, Y.-H., and Song, D.-K. (2003a). Inhibition of intracerebroventricular injection stress induced plasma corticosterone levels by intracerebroventricularly administered compound K, a ginseng saponin metabolite, in mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 26,1035-1038. 

Kimura, Y., Okuda, H., and Arichi, S. (1988). Effects of various ginseng saponins on 5-hydroxytryptamine release and aggregation in human platelets. /. Pharm. Pharmacol. 40, 838-843. 

Lee, T.-F., Shiao, Y.-J., Chen, C.-F., and Wang, L. C. H. (2001). Effect of ginseng saponins on P-amyloid-suppressed acetylcholine release from rat hippocampal slices. Planta Med. fPl, 634-637. 

Odani, T., Tanizawa, H., and Takino, Y. (1983a). Studies on the absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of ginseng saponins. 11. The absorption, distribution and excretion of ginsenoside Rgi in the rat. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 31, 292-298. 

Shibata, S. (2001). Chemistry and cancer preventing activities of ginseng saponins and some related triterpenoid compounds. /. Korean Med. Sci. 16(Suppl.), S28-S37. 

Shibata, S., Tanaka, O., Ando, T., Sado, M., Tsushima, S., and Ohsawa, T. (1966). Chemical studies on oriental plant drugs. XIV. Protopanaxadiol, a genuin sapogenin of ginseng saponins. Cheni. Pharm. Bull. 14, 595-600. 

Sugaya, A., Yuzurihara, M., Tsuda, T., Yasuda, K., Kajiwara, K., and Sugay, A. E. (1988). Proliferative effect of ginseng saponin on neurite extension of primary cultured neurons of the rat cerebral cortex. /. Ethnopharmacol. 22,173-181. 

Vascuiar and sexuai effects Ginseng saponin has demonstrated vasoactive effects. It activates the release of NO from bovine aortic endothelium, and from the endothelial cells and perivascular nerve of the rabbit corpus cavernosum (Kim HS et al. 1998 Ko et al. 1996 Choi and Seong 1995 Chen and Lee 1995). Nitric oxide synthesis is also observed in the endothelium of the lung, heart, and kidney (Gillis 1997). 

Ginseng s mechanism of vasorelaxation and nitric oxide release is probably by conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline (Kim H et al. 1992). Ginseng saponin induces relaxation of the corpus cavernosum smooth muscle in a dose-dependent manner (Kim HJ et al. 1998). This effect is... 

Hiai S, Yokoyama H, Oura H, Yano S. (1979). Stimulation of pituitary-adrenocortical system by ginseng saponin. Endocrinol Jpn. 26(6) 661-65. 

Himi T, Saito H, Nishiyama N. (1989). Effect of ginseng saponins on the survival of cerebral cortex neurons in ceii cuitures. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 37(2) 481-84. 

Kim HJ, Woo DS, Lee G, Kim JJ. (1998). The relaxation effects of ginseng saponin in rabbit corporal smooth muscle is it a nitric oxide donor BrJ Urology. 82 744-48. 

Sunderland T, Tariot PN, Newhouse PA. (1988). Differential responsivity of mood, behavior, and cognition to cholinergic agents in elderly neuropsychiatric populations. Brain Res. 472 4y. 371-89. Tachikawa E, Kudo K, Flarada K, Kashimoto T, Miyate Y, Kakizaki A, Takahashi E. (1999). Effects of ginseng saponins on responses induced by various receptor stimuli. EurJ Pharmacol 369(1) 23-32. Tagami M, Ikeda K, Yamagata K, Nara Y, Fujino FI, Kubota A, Numano F, Yamori Y. (1999). Vitamin E prevents apoptosis in hippocampal neurons caused by cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Lab Invest. 79(5) 609-15. 

Takino Y, Odani T, Tanizawa FI, Flayashi T. (1982). Studies on the absorption, distribution, excretion, and metabolism of ginseng saponins I. Quantitative analysis of ginsenoside Rgl in rats. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 30(6) 2196-201. 

Yoshimura H, Watanabe K, Ogawa N. (1988a). Psychotropic effects of ginseng saponins on agonistic behavior between resident and intruder mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 146(2-3) 291-97. 

Zierer R. (1991). Prolonged infusion of Panax ginseng saponins into the rat does not alter the chemical and kinetic profile of hormones from the posterior pituitary. J Ethnopharmacol. 34(2-3) 269-74. 

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