Proteins milk/plasma

Phenytoin s absorption is slow and variable yet almost complete absorption eventually occurs after po dosing. More than 90% of the dmg is bound to plasma protein. Peak plasma concentrations are achieved in 1.5—3 h. Therapeutic plasma concentrations are 10—20 lg/mL but using fixed po doses, steady-state levels are achieved in 7—10 days. Phenytoin is metabolized in the fiver to inactive metabolites. The plasma half-life is approximately 22 h. Phenytoin is excreted primarily in the urine as inactive metabolites and <5% as unchanged dmg. It is also eliminated in the feces and in breast milk (1,2). Prolonged po use of phenytoin may result in hirsutism, gingival hyperplasia, and hypersensitivity reactions evidenced by skin rashes, blood dyscrasias, etc... 

GARDNER c D, NEWELL K A, CHERiN R and HASKELL w L (2001) The effect of soy protein with or without isoflavones relative to milk protein on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. dm J Clin Nutr. 73 (4) 728-35. 

The coefficient of viscosity for whole milk at 20°C, but not affected by cold agglutination of fat globules, is about 2.127 mPa s. Values for water and milk plasma at 20°C are 1.002 and 1.68 mPas, respectively. Casein, and to a lesser extent fat, are the principal contributors to the viscosity of milk whey proteins and low molecular mass species have less influence. 

Antibiotics, hormones, monoclonal antibodies, plasma proteins, insulin, vaccines, alkaloids Whey proteins, milk proteins, egg proteins, soy proteins, vitamins, amino acids, protein hydrolysates, yeast cells, yeast extract Glucose oxidase, peroxidase, hormones Detergent enzymes, insecticides Bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, lysozyme Plant extracts, animal tissue extracts... 

Protein-Based Substitutes. Several plant and animal-based proteins have been used in processed meat products to increase yields, reduce reformulation costs, enhance specific functional properties, and decrease fat content. Examples of these protein additives are wheat flour, wheat gluten, soy flour, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, textured soy protein, cottonseed flour, oat flour, com germ meal, nonfat dry milk, caseinates, whey proteins, surimi, blood plasma, and egg proteins. Most of these protein ingredients can be included in cooked sausages with a maximum level allowed up to 3.5% of the formulation, except soy protein isolate and caseinates are restricted to 2% (44). 

Mexifitene is well absorbed from the GI tract and less than 10% undergoes first-pass hepatic metabolism. In plasma, 60—70% of the dmg is protein bound and peak plasma concentrations are achieved in 2—3 h. Therapeutic plasma concentrations are 0.5—2.0 lg/mL. The plasma half-life of mexifitene is 10—12 h in patients having normal renal and hepatic function. Toxic effects are noted at plasma concentrations of 1.5—3.0 lg/mL, although side effects have been noted at therapeutic concentrations. The metabolite, /V-methy1mexi1itene, has some antiarrhythmic activity. About 85% of the dmg is metabolized to inactive metabolites. The kidneys excrete about 10% of the dmg unchanged, the rest as metabolites. Excretion can also occur in the bile and in breast milk (1,2). 

The GI absorption of the dmg after po adrninistration is slow and variable with estimates ranging from 20—55%. Once absorbed, 96% of the dmg is bound to plasma proteins and other tissues on the body. Whereas peak plasma concentrations may be achieved in 3—7 h, the onset of antiarrhythmic action may occur in 2—3 days or more. This may result, in part, from distribution to and concentration of the dmg in adipose tissue, Hver, spleen, and lungs. Therapeutic plasma concentrations are 1—2 p.g/mL, although there appears to be no correlation between plasma concentration and antiarrhythmic activity. The plasma half-life after discontinuation of the dmg varies from 13—103 days. The dmg is metabolized in the Hver and the principal metaboHte is desethylamiodarone. The primary route of elimination is through the bile. Less than 1% of the unchanged dmg is excreted in the urine. The dmg can also be eliminated in breast milk and through the skin (1,2). 

Human exposure to environmental contaminants has been investigated through the analysis of adipose tissue, breast milk, blood and the monitoring of faecal and urinary excretion levels. However, while levels of persistent contaminants in human milk, for example, are extensively monitored, very little is known about foetal exposure to xenobiotics because the concentrations of persistent compounds in blood and trans-placental transmission are less well studied. Also, more information is needed in general about the behaviour of endocrine disruptive compounds (and their metabolites) in vivo, for example the way they bind to blood plasma proteins. 

The other major class of extracellular LBPs of mammals is the lipocalins (Flower, 1996). These are approximately 20 kDa, P-sheet-rich proteins, performing functions such as the transport of retinol in plasma or milk, the capture of odorants in olfaction, invertebrate coloration, dispersal of pheromones, and solubilizing the lipids in tears (Flower, 1996). The retinol-binding protein (RBP) of human plasma is found in association with a larger protein, transthyretin, the complex being larger than the kidney threshold and thus not excreted, although the RBP itself may dissociate from the complex to interact with cell surface receptors in the delivery of retinol (Papiz et al., 1986 Sundaram et al., 1998). 

Marasmus is considered to be due to inadequate food intake. It is not usually the quantity but the quality of the food that is deficient, e.g. low nutritional value of bulky vegetables. Kwashiorkor is considered to be caused, more specifically, by a low-protein diet. This condition frequently develops at the time of weaning when protein-rich milk is replaced by protein-deficient solid food. It did not appear in the medical literature until 1934 when it was reported by Cicely Williams who studied the condition while she was working among tribes of Western Africa. She gave it the name kwashiorkor, which was used by the Ga tribe to describe the condition that develops when the baby is taken away from mother s breast, usually because another baby has been bom. It has generally been held that the oedema is a consequence of a low plasma albumin concentration and a reduction in the colloid osmotic pressure which reduces the movement of water from tissue fluid back into capillaries. The low albumin level results from a decreased rate of synthesis of albumin by the liver. However, if marasmus is due entirely to lack of energy... 

Aspirin Aspirin is poorly bound to plasma proteins and its apparent volume of distribution is low (10 L). Its metabolite, salicylic acid, is highly bound to plasma proteins, but its binding is concentration-dependent (nonlinear). At low concentrations (less than 100 mcg/mL), approximately 90% of salicylic acid is bound to albumin. Salicylic acid is widely distributed to all tissues and fluids in the body, including the CNS, breast milk, and fetal tissues. 

Distribution - Valproic acid is rapidly distributed. Volume of distribution of total or free valproic acid is 11 or 92 L/1.73 m, respectively. Valproic acid has been detected in CSF (approximately 10% of total concentrations) and milk (about 1% to 10% of serum concentrations). Therapeutic range is commonly considered to be 50 to 100 mcg/mL of total valproate. The plasma protein binding of valproate is concentration-dependent. Protein binding of valproate is reduced in the elderly, in patients with chronic hepatic diseases, in patients with renal impairment, and in the presence of other drugs (eg, aspirin). Conversely, valproate may displace certain protein-bound drugs (eg, phenytoin, carbamazepine, warfarin, tolbutamide). 

Lactation Sulfonamides are excreted in breast milk. In newborns, they compete with bilirubin for binding sites on the plasma proteins and may cause kernicterus. Children The safety and efficacy of sulfasalazine in pediatric patients younger than 2 years of age with ulcerative colitis have not been established. 

Absorption/Distribution - Metronidazole is well absorbed after oral administration. Peak serum levels occur at about 1 to 2 hours. Metronidazole appears in CSF, saliva, and breast milk in concentrations similar to those found in plasma. Less than 20% of the circulating metronidazole is bound to plasma proteins. 

Distribution - Tinidazole is distributed into virtually all tissues and body fluids and crosses the blood-brain barrier. The apparent volume of distribution is approximately 50 L. Plasma protein binding of tinidazole is 12%. Tinidazole crosses the placental barrier and is secreted in breast milk. 

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