Proteins cytokine induction

Bl. Ballou, S., and Lozanski, G., Induction of inflammatory cytokine release from cultured human monocytes by C-reactive protein. Cytokine 4, 361-368 (1992). 

NO produced by the cells upon cytokine induction, or added as a gas to the recombinant protein, converts the iron-regulatory protein (also called iron-regulatory factor [IRF] or iron-responsive element-binding protein [IRE-BP]) to the same condition as low iron, causing a binding of the protein to mRNA (Drapier et al. 1993, Weiss et al. 1993). 

Bhat NR, Zhang P, Bhat AN. Cytokine induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in an ohgodendrocyte cell line role of p38 mitogen-actiyated protein kinase actiyation. J Neurochem 1999 72(2) 472-478. 

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a water-insoluble cyclic peptide from a fungus composed of 11 amino acids. CsA binds to its cytosolic receptor cyclophilin. The CsA/cyclophilin complex reduces the activity of the protein phosphatase calcineurin. Inhibition of this enzyme activity interrupts antigen receptor-induced activation and translocation of the transcription factor NEAT to the nucleus which is essential for the induction of cytokine synthesis in T-lymphocytes. 

Roles of STAT Proteins in Cytokine-lndncible and Constitutive Gene Induction... 

The key end result of TLR signalling is the induction of cytokines. Cytokines are proteins produced during an immune response that allow the maturation, activation and differentiation of effector cells in the immune system. The activation of NFkB and AP-1 by the MyD88 and the TREF dependent pathways leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-a and various chemokines. This pathway can also activate IRF-7 via TLR-7and TLR-9 allowing Type-I interferons to be produced. 

Essential for induction ofthe/Z-5 gene in inflammatory reactions is the binding site for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB). NF-kB responds to cytokines, stress, free radicals, ultraviolet irradiation, and bacterial, viral, or even parasitic antigens [2]. NF-kB stands for a family of subunits, which form homo-, and heterodimers. All NF-kB proteins share a highly conserved DNA-binding/dimerization domain called the Rel homology domain (RHD) consisting of two (3-strand core domains... 

Metallothioneins are a group of small proteins (about 6.5 kDa), found in the cytosol of cells, particularly of liver, kidney, and intestine. They have a high content of cysteine and can bind copper, zinc, cadmium, and mercury. The SH groups of cysteine are involved in binding the metals. Acute intake (eg, by injection) of copper and of certain other metals increases the amount (induction) of these proteins in tissues, as does administration of certain hormones or cytokines. These proteins may function to store the above metals in a nontoxic form and are involved in their overall metaboHsm in the body. Sequestration of copper also diminishes the amount of this metal available to generate free radicals. 

Wetzel MA, Steele AD, Eisenstein TK, Adler MW, Henderson EE, Rogers TJ (2000) Mu-opioid induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, RANTES, and IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Immunol 165 6519-6524 Widmer U, Manogue KR, Cerami A, Sherry B (1993) Genomic cloning and promoter analysis of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta, members of the chemokine superfamily of proinflammatory cytokines. J Immunol 150 4996-5012 Ye RD (2001) Regulation of nuclear factor kappaB activation by G-protein-coupled receptors. [Review] [136 refs]. J Leukoc Biol 70 839-848... 

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