Cytokine induction

B. Evaluation of Biological Activity Ex Vivo Cytokine Induction... 

Kleinschnitz C, Brinkhoff J, Zelenka M, Sommer C, Stoll G (2004) The extent of cytokine induction in peripheral nerve lesions depends on the mode of injury and NMDA receptor signaling. J Neuroimmunol 149(l-2) 77-83... 

Allen, D.G., Riviere, J.E., and Monteiro-Riviere, N.A., Cytokine induction as a measure of cutaneous toxicity in primary and immortalized porcine keratinocytes exposed to jet... 

Wilmer JL, Burleson FG, Kayama F, et al. 1994. Cytokine induction in human epidermal keratinocytes exposed to contact irritants and its relation to chemical-induced inflammation in mouse skin. J Invest Dermatol 102 915-922. 

Hessel EM, Chu M, Lizcano JO, Chang B, Herman N, Kell SA, Wills-Karp M, Coffman RL Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides block allergic airway inflammation by inhibiting Th2 cell activation and IgE-mediated cytokine induction. J Exp Med 2005 202 1563-1573. 

Henderson, B. Wilson, M. (1996). Cytokine induction by bacteria — beyond lipopolysaccharide. Cytokine 8(4), 269-282. 

CN094 Tappia, P. S. and R. E. Grimble. Complex modulation of cytokine induction by endotoxin and tumour necrosis factor from peritoneal macrophages of rats by diets containing fats of different saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition. Clin Sci(Lond) 1994 87(2) 173-178. 

Whelan, J., Ghersa, P., Hooft van Huijsduijnen, R., Gray, J., Chandra, G., Talabot, F., and DeLamarter, J. F. (1991). An NFKB-like factor is essential but not sufficient for cytokine induction of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1) gene transcription. Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 2645-2653. 

It has recently been established that bacterial DNA, but not vertebrate DNA, has direct immunostimulatory effects on leukocytes in vitro. The immunostimulatory effect is due to unmethylated CpG dinucleotides, which are underrepresented and methylated in vertebrate DNA. CpG DNA and synthetic oligonucleotides from a variety of sources have shown significant promise as new adjuvants (10-12). CpG induces a strong Thl response, mainly by stimulating cytokine induction and through the expression of costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells. CpG is currently in clinical trials and may become part of a licensed product in the future. 

Endotoxicity nontoxic moderately toxic, highly toxic, no cytokine cytokine cytokine induction Induction induction... 

Loppnow, H., Flad, H.-D., Rietschel, E.Th., Brade, H. The active principle of bacterial lipopolysac-charides (endotoxins) for cytokine induction. In Schlag, G., Redl, H.(eds), Pathophysiology of Shock, Sepsis, and Organ. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg (1993), pp. 405-416. 

Loppnow, H., Libby, P., Freudenberg, M.A., Kraus, J.H., Weckesser, J., Mayer, H. Cytokine induction by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) corresponds to the lethal toxicity and is inhibited by nontoxic Rhodobacter capsulatus LPS. Infect Immun 58 (1990) 3743-3750. 

H. Tilg, E. Trehu, M. B. Atkins, C. A. Dinarello, and J. W. Mier, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) as an Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Induction of Circulating IL-1 Receptor Antagonist and Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor p55, Blood. 8 (1994) 113-118. 

Tendler CL, Greenberg SJ, Burton JD, Danielpour D, Kim SJ, Blattner WA, Manns A, Waldmann TA (1991) Cytokine induction in HTLV-I associated myelopathy and adult T-ceU leukemia Alternate molecular mechanisms underlying retroviral pathogenesis. J Cell Biochem 46 302-311. 

CosgroveBD, KingBM, Hasan MA, etal. Synergistic drug-cytokine induction of hepatocellular death as an in vitro approach for the study of inflammation-associated idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009 237(3) 317-330. 

There is considerable overlap in the culture conditions used for lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine induction however, several important aspects are... 

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