Solubilization direct

To identify the biotinylated proteins that were captured by the caspase-7 capture antibody coated on the plates, 3 x 107 Jurkat cells were incubated for the indicated times with 1 iM STS. bzVKD-fmk was then added to the medium to give a final concentration of 10 [iM. After 1 h, cells were washed with PBS, solubilized in 1 mL of extraction buffer (extraction buffer and diluents were made as described in or provided with the active caspase kits) containing 6 M urea and protease inhibitors and stored overnight at 4°C. Extracts were diluted with 4 mL ELISA calibrator diluent and incubated for 2 h at room temperature in a 6-well dish coated with caspase-7 capture antibody. Captured material was washed 4 times with ELISA wash buffer and then 1 time with PBS. Captured proteins were solubilized directly into 200 uL SDS sample buffer. Captured proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, and transferred to immobilon membranes (Millipore) that were subsequently incubated with HRP-streptavidin or anti-caspases-7 LSU or anti-caspase-7 SSU. 

Careful preparation of the isolated fractions for counting is of considerable importance (48,49). Generally, samples are solubilized directly into the scintillation fluid prior to counting. Commercial scintillation cocktails are available which can be used for a wide range of sample types. Samples that cannot be readily solubilized can be counted while suspended in emulsions or gels (48,49). 

A generalized procedure would include extraction of a weighed amount of material (e.g., in a Soxhlet extractor or with several successive portions of a solvent in a shaking apparatus) for a number of hours, separation of the extract, and evaporation to reduce volume or to dryness. The sample could then be weighed, reextracted, or solubilized directly for short-term bioassay. One... 

Ceraphyl 45 DIoctyl malate solubilizer, dip tank cleaners Caltax DB-45 solubilizer, direct dyes... 

A second process is the direct carbonylation of dimethylamine [124-40-3] ia the presence of a basic catalyst or a transition metal. This carbonylation is often mn ia the presence of methanol ia order to help solubilize the catalyst (7), and presumably proceeds through methyl formate as an iatermediate. 

Determination of Lignin Content. Lignin content in plants (wood) is determined by direct or indirect methods (21). The direct method includes measurement of acid-insoluble (ie, Klason) lignin after digesting wood with 72% sulfuric acid to solubilize carbohydrates (22). The Klason lignin contents of representative lignifted materials are shown in Table 2. 

Production and Economic Aspects. Thallium is obtained commercially as a by-product in the roasting of zinc, copper, and lead ores. The thallium is collected in the flue dust in the form of oxide or sulfate with other by-product metals, eg, cadmium, indium, germanium, selenium, and tellurium. The thallium content of the flue dust is low and further enrichment steps are required. If the thallium compounds present are soluble, ie, as oxides or sulfates, direct leaching with water or dilute acid separates them from the other insoluble metals. Otherwise, the thallium compound is solubilized with oxidizing roasts, by sulfatization, or by treatment with alkaU. The thallium precipitates from these solutions as thaUium(I) chloride [7791 -12-0]. Electrolysis of the thaUium(I) sulfate [7446-18-6] solution affords thallium metal in high purity (5,6). The sulfate solution must be acidified with sulfuric acid to avoid cathodic separation of zinc and anodic deposition of thaUium(III) oxide [1314-32-5]. The metal deposited on the cathode is removed, kneaded into lumps, and dried. It is then compressed into blocks, melted under hydrogen, and cast into sticks. 

Copolymerizations of benzvalene with norhornene have been used to prepare block copolymers that are more stable and more soluble than the polybenzvalene (32). Upon conversion to (CH), some phase separation of nonconverted polynorhornene occurs. Other copolymerizations of acetylene with a variety of monomers and carrier polymers have been employed in the preparation of soluble polyacetylenes. Direct copolymeriza tion of acetylene with other monomers (33—39), and various techniques for grafting polyacetylene side chains onto solubilized carrier polymers (40—43), have been studied. In most cases, the resulting copolymers exhibit poorer electrical properties as solubiUty increases. 

Where direct addition to the boiler is possible, use a combined phos-phate-chelant program because solubilization of hardness salts will occur this limits the potential for adherence to metal surfaces. 

FIG. 18 The effect of chain length on the pseudo rate constants (Km (100 90)) of n-hexadecane solubilization by olefinsulfonates/dobanol 45-3 solutions at 40°C. AOS, a-olefinsulfonate IOS a, aged I-olefinsulfonate IOS d, directly hydrolyzed I-olefin-sulfonate. 

In summary, directly hydrolyzed IOS has good n-hexadecane solubilizing kinetics. This class of compounds then is attractive for detergent formulations where the kinetics of apolar soil removal is imperative. Also, it is observed that shifting the ionic head group toward the middle of the alkyl chain results in an... 

Electrolytes are obviously solubilized only in the aqueous micellar core. Adding electrolytes in water-containing AOT-reversed micelles has an effect that is opposite to that observed for direct micelles, i.e., a decrease in the micellar radius and in the intermicellar attractive interactions is observed. This has been attributed to the stabilization of AOT ions at the water/surfactant interface [128]. 

Moreover, stable liquid systems made up of nanoparticles coated with a surfactant monolayer and dispersed in an apolar medium could be employed to catalyze reactions involving both apolar substrates (solubilized in the bulk solvent) and polar and amphiphilic substrates (preferentially encapsulated within the reversed micelles or located at the surfactant palisade layer) or could be used as antiwear additives for lubricants. For example, monodisperse nickel boride catalysts were prepared in water/CTAB/hexanol microemulsions and used directly as the catalysts of styrene hydrogenation [215]. 

Radioiodinated derivatives have been prepared to define more closely the target site of a-conotoxins on the acetylcholine receptor (R. Myers, unpublished data). In membrane preparations from Torpedo electroplax, photoactivatable azidosalicylate derivatives of a-conotoxin GIA preferentially label the p and 7 subunits of the acetylcholine receptor. However, when the photoactivatable derivative is cross-linked to detergent solubilized acetylcholine receptor (AChR), only the 7 subunit is labeled. Since snake a-neurotoxins mainly bind to the a subunits of AChR and a-conotoxins compete directly with a-bungarotoxin, the cross-linking results above are both intriguing and problematic. 

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