Coupled growth

Ras is a G protein that cycle between two conformations, an activated Ras-GTP or inactivated form Ras-GDP. Ras, attached to the cell membrane by lipidation, is a key component in many signalling cascades, which couple growth factor receptors to downstream effectors that control such processes as cytoskeletal integrity, proliferation, cell adhesion, apoptosis and cell migration. Mutations and dysregulations of the Ras protein leading to increased invasion and metastasis, and decreased apoptosis are very common in cancers. 

Finneran KT, HM Foirbush, CVG VanPraagh, DR Lovley (2002) Desulfitobacterium metalUreducens sp. nov., an anaerobic bacterium that couples growth to the reduction of metals and humic acids as well as chlorinated compounds. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52 1929-1935. 

Continuous laser melt quenching of hypoeutectic Ag-Cu alloys has been performed and discussed by Copley et al. (1995) nano-phase coupled growth structures (with spacing of 10 nm) have been observed in banded nano-structures. 

Zhu TF, Szostak JW (2009) Coupled growth and division of model protocell membranes. J Am Chem Soc 131 5705-5715... 

To summarize the case of cation vacancy diffusion, the coupled growth equations for the oxide layers can be written in the form... 

This generalized form is susceptible to an even more compact notation by employing matrix equations. Suppose that we define additional coefficients Hy for — 1, i, or i + 1. These coefficients are not directly involved in the coupled growth equations, so we assign their value to be zero. That is... 

Several hybrid simulations on crystal growth can be found in recent literature. Examples include dendritic solidification by coupling finite-different discretization of a phase field model to a MC simulation (Plapp and Karma, 2000), coupling a finite difference for the melt with a cellular automata for the solidification (Grujicic et al., 2001), a DSMC model for the fluid phase with a Metropolis-based MC for the surface to address cluster deposition onto substrates (Hongo et al., 2002 Mizuseki et al., 2002), a step model for the surface processes coupled with a CFD simulation of flow (Kwon and Derby, 2001) (two continuum but different feature scale models), an adaptive FEM CVD model coupled with a feature scale model (Merchant et al., 2000), and one-way coupled growth models in plasma systems (Hoekstra et al., 1997). Some specific applications are discussed in more detail below. 

Vanderkuur J A, et al (1997). Signaling molecules involved in coupling growth hormone receptor to mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Endocrinol. 138(10) 4301-4307. 

It should be pointed out that a similar approach to the MMF technique, FBA-based technique such as OPTKNOCK also seeks to design engineered strains to couple growth and product formation and employ the metabolic pathway evolution strategy to improve the strain performance, e.g. development of an engineered and evolved E. coli strains for improved production of lactate (Fong et al. 2005), 1,4-butanediol (Yim et al. 2011), and various flavonoids (Fowler et al. 2009). 

The conditions for V = Vm, at which the velocities of the oxide and metal surface are equal and a planar reaction interface, this represents a special case. The cooperative or coupled growth of pores and metal in metal oxide reduction systems is equivalent eutectic and eutectoid reactions encountered in solidification and solid state fransfoimalions in which a single phase decomposes into two or more phases [18]. The coupled growth of pores and metal is of particular practical significance since in this situation both the original oxide and metal surfaces remain exposed to the gas throughout the reaction. 

The purpose of the present paper is to define the coupled growth of the y -a. eutectic composite in the quaternary Ni-13Mo-20Al-3Ta (at.%) alloy. 

FIG. 10 Schematic depicting the effect of faceting on the composition required for coupled growth to take place in a faceted-nonfaceted binary eutectic system. (From Ref. 53.)... 

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