Protein Derivatives

Wlodek, S. T., Antosiewicz, J., McCammon, J. A. Prediction of titration properties of structures of a protein derived from molecular dynamics trajectories. Protein Sci. 6 (1997) 373-382. 

BID is a member oftheBcl-2 gene family, which encode proteins that function either to promote apoptosis or to inhibit apoptosis as in the proteins derived from Bcl-2. These proteins can exist as monomers or they can dimerize. For example, if two promoting Bcl-2 family proteins dimerize then apoptosis will be greatly enhanced. Conversely, if dimerization of an inhibitory and promotor protein occurs, then the effects are cancelled out. The Bcl-2 family of proteins are localized to the outer mitochondrial or outer nuclear membranes. 

In mammalia, seven different members encoded by distinct genes have been identified, all of which are activated by a distinct set of cytokines. Diversity in signaling is provided by variants of STAT proteins derived from either alternative splicing of RNA transcripts or proteolytic processing (e.g., STATs 1,3,4, and 5) and the ability of certain STATs to form both homodimers and heterodimers with each other. In response to inteiferon-y monomeric STAT1 dimerizes, while upon interferon-a stimulation a heterotrimeric complex consisting of STAT 1 and STAT2 with associated... 

Persons with acquired immunodefidency syndrome or those who are positive for the human immunodefidency virus and have a positive tuberculosis skin test or a negative tuberculosis skin test but a history of a prior significant reaction to purified protein derivative (a skin test for tuberculosis)... 

Producing the kilograms of tPA necessary to satisfy the world s therapeutic needs requires the special skills possessed by modern biochemical engineers. Sophisticated engineering of the fermentation vessels, culturing conditions, and media compositions is required to culture thousands of liters of mammalian cells. In addition, new extremes of purity must be achieved in order to assure the safety of proteins derived from mammalian cells. The cost of the starting materials and the capacity constraints of the present-day equipment require that yields from each fermentation batch be as high as possible. 

Proteins derive their powerful and diverse capacity for molecular recognition and catalysis from their ability to fold into defined secondary and tertiary structures and display specific functional groups at precise locations in space. Functional protein domains are typically 50-200 residues in length and utilize a specific sequence of side chains to encode folded structures that have a compact hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic surface. Mimicry of protein structure and function by non-natural ohgomers such as peptoids wiU not only require the synthesis of >50mers with a variety of side chains, but wiU also require these non-natural sequences to adopt, in water, tertiary structures that are rich in secondary structure. 

Because of the risks of adverse reaction to the vaccine by persons who had already been exposed to the disease a sensitivity test must be carried out prior to immunization with BCG. A Mantoux skin test assesses an individual s sensitivity to a purified protein derivative (PPD) prepared fi om heat-treated antigens (tuberculin) extracted fiom M tuberculosis. A positive test imphes past infection or past, successful immunization Those with strongly positive tests may have active disease and should be referred to a chest clinic. Many people with active TB, especially disseminated TB, however, sero-convert fiom skin test positive to skin test negative. Results of the skin test must therefore be interpreted with care. 

Lipid hydroperoxides are either formed in an autocatalytic process initiated by hydroxyl radicals or they are formed photochemically. Lipid hydroperoxides, known as the primary lipid oxidation products, are tasteless and odourless, but may be cleaved into the so-called secondary lipid oxidation products by heat or by metal ion catalysis. This transformation of hydroperoxides to secondary lipid oxidation products can thus be seen during chill storage of pork (Nielsen et al, 1997). The secondary lipid oxidation products, like hexanal from linoleic acid, are volatile and provide precooked meats, dried milk products and used frying oil with characteristic off-flavours (Shahidi and Pegg, 1994). They may further react with proteins forming fluorescent protein derivatives derived from initially formed Schiff bases (Tappel, 1956). 

PPD Purified protein derivative PPME Polymeric polysaccharide rich in mannose-6-phosphate moieties PRA Percentage reactive activity PRD, PRDII Positive regulatory domain, -II PR3 Proteinase-3 PRBC Parasitized red blood cell proET-1 Proendothelin-1 PRL Prolactin PRP Platelet-rich plasma PS Phosphatidylserine P-selectin Platelet selectin formerly known as platelet adctivation-dependent granule external membrane protein (PADGEM), granule membrane protein of MW 140 kD (GMP-140)... 

Albumin is a protein derived from fractionating human plasma. Because albumin infusion is expensive and may be associated with adverse events, it should be used for acute... 

TB skin testing with the 5-TU strength of brand purified protein derivative (PPD), also known as the Mantoux test, is the preferred method for skin testing.2,16,20 The product is injected into the skin (not subcutaneously) with a fine (27-gauge) needle and produces a small, raised, blanched wheal to be read by an experienced professional in 48 to 72 hours. Criteria for interpretation are listed in Table 72-1.1,2,6,16,20 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not recommend the routine use of... 

Purified protein derivative (PPD) Material used in the tuberculin skin test, the most common test for exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 

Leather is the material made from animal skin by the process of tanning, which entails chemically altering the composition of the skin so as to make it durable and resistant to decay. Leather is therefore not a protein but a protein derivative. Although the tanning process alters the composition of skin, leather retains the fibrous structure and utilitarian functionality that make skin suitable for multifarious applications. Shelter, clothing, and decorative objects made from leather are, unlike skin or hide, stable to physical, chemical, and biological decay under dry or wet conditions (O Flaherty et al. 1965 ... 

Yemelyanov, AY, Katz, NB, and Bernstein, PS, 2001. Ligand-binding characterization of xanthophyll carotenoids to solubilized membrane proteins derived from human retina. Exp Eye Res 72, 381-392. 

Shaner NC, Campbell RE, Steinbach PA, Giepmans BN, Palmer AE, Tsien RY (2004) Improved monomeric red, orange and yellow fluorescent proteins derived from Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein. Nat Biotechnol 22 1567-1572... 

Del Prete, G., De, C.M., Mastromauro, C., Biagiotti, R., Macchia, D., Falagiani, P., Ricci, M. and Romagnani, S. (1991) Purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and excretory-secretory antigen(s) of Toxocara cams expand human T cells with stable and opposite (type 1 T helper or type 2 T helper) profile of cytokine production. Journal of Clinical Investigation 88, 346-350. 

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