Protection measures concerns

From a safety standpoint, priority must be given to the measures in item 1. Group 2 cannot be used as a sole protective measure for flammable gas or solvent vapors in industrial practice with sufficient reliability, but can be applied as the sole protective measure when only combustible dusts are present if the minimum ignition energy of the dusts is high (>10 mj) and the operating areas concerned can easily be monitored. 

The HASP should contain the information obtained during the preparation phase concerning hazard characterization and exposure potential. If the information has gaps, ranges, or is incomplete, this should be taken into consideration so that proper protective measures are taken. If and when new information is discovered, this should be included as part of the hazard characterization as an amendment. 

Potential measurements concerning cathodic and anodic protection are excluded here. 

The need to provide protective measures will be directly related to the level of potential hazards which may be assessed from the procedures outlined above. Measures concerned with reaction control are frequently mentioned in the following text, but details of techniques and equipment for personal protection, though usually excluded from the scope of this work, are obviously of great importance. 

Risk avoidance involves eliminating the cause of the hazard. This is accomplished by changes in the inherent risk features of the process or facility. Risk reduction concerns the provision of prevention or protective measures that will lessen the consequences of a particular accidental event. 

Human factors and ergonomics concern the ability of personnel to perform their job functions within the physical and mental capabilities or limitations of a human being. Human beings have certain tolerances and personal attitudes. Tolerances can be related to the ability to accept information, how quickly the information can be understood and the ability and speed to perform manual activities. When information is confusing, lacking or overtaxing, the ability to understand and act upon it quickly or effectively is absent. It is therefore imperative to provide concise, adequate and only pertinent information to do all the tasks associated with petroleum activities. This includes activities associated with emergency fire and explosion protection measures. 

It has been suggested by producers of brominated flame retardants that the health risks related to the extrusion of plastics containing PBB and PBDE could be avoided by strengthened worker protection measures In the recycling installations. As an example It was recommended that workers carry protection masks. Clearly, the substitution of the concerned substances would provide the best protection of the concerned workers." European Parliament and Council, 2002. 

The use of radiation dispersal devices, commonly referred to as dirty bombs, is particularly concerning for disaster planning and emergency preparedness personnel. An RDD is an explosive device designed to spread radioactive material without a nuclear explosion (Briggs Brinsfield, 2003). The initial blast from the explosion can kill or inflict mechanical trauma on those who are close in proximity to the explosion while the radioactive material is dispersed. Please refer to chapter 27, Radiological Incidents and Emergencies, for further information on decontamination, radiation sickness, and personal protective measures. 

From the foregoing it will be seen that defense against chemical attack presents three classes of problems (1) individual, (2) collective, and (3) tactical protections. The first two of these involve protective measures of a generally passive nature, t.c., principally the provision and use of individual protective equipment, discussed in this chapter, and installations for group protection, treated in Chap. XX. The third problem—tactical protection—concerns modes of action and troop leading, with the new to avoiding gas casualties in the conduct of military operations. 

The protective measure of reducing work time is a measure to be taken only when the radiation level concerned is definitely known by measurement. This measure must be used only when protection cannot be secured by the methods of distance and shielding . During work under a high dose rate, a worker must carry an alarm meter to control the work time strictly. 

The use of genetic information to identify sensitive individuals raises difficult policy questions. For example, individuals with certain polymorphisms might be sensitive to a xenobiotic at concentrations below the TLV. Although this information could be used to recommend additional protective measures for sensitive workers, there is also concern that the identification of susceptible individuals could result in job discrimination. 

This chapter focuses upon decontaminating skin exposed to chemical warfare agent (CWA). Although the protective equipment chapter discusses effective barriers to protect an individual, there is a high probability that the items may not be worn at the time of an attack. Consequently, the next barrier, the skin, becomes critical, but has a limited time before it allows an agent to penetrate. Rapid decontamination is of utmost importance, before the skin barrier is compromised. To best understand the process, this chapter will discuss military and civilian issues concerning skin exposure, the characteristics of the skin itself, medical protective measures, and evaluation of skin decontaminants. 

The aim of this Directive is to harmonise national measures concerning batteries and accumulators and the management of their wastes in order, on the one hand, to prevent or reduce the negative impact thereof on the environment, thus providing a high level of environmental protection, and, on the other hand, to ensure the functioning of the internal market and to avoid obstacles to trade and distortion and restriction of competition within the Community. 

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