Prostatic cancer humans

Leuprolide acetate Treatment of prostate cancer Human male volunteers Aerosols Absolute bioavailability ranging from 4% to 18% [71]... 

Babson proposed a-naphthyl phosphate as an essentially specific substrate for the activity of prostatic acid phosphatase in serum (104). However Marshall, Price, and Amador found that this substrate is not specific for the prostatic enzyme because urine of human females contain 50 times more acid a-naphthyl phosphatase than male serum and 50% as much activity as male urine. Platelets have significant activity and the serum activity can increase to abnormal values following clotting. These workers also observed elevated activities in females with skeletal metastases of the breast. In 50 hospitalized male patients who had no evidence of prostatic cancer and 25 hospitalized female patients, the incidence of false positive results was 12%, a magnitude sufficient to preclude meaningful clinical interpretation (105). 

CHIAO J W, CHUNG F, KRZEMINSKI J, AMIN S, ARSHAD R, AHMED, T aud CONAWAY C C (2000) Modulation of growth of human prostate cancer cells hy the N- acetylcysteine conjugate of pheuethyl isothiocyanate , Int J Oncol, 16 1215-9. 

J w, Jr. (1996) Cis-trans lycopene isomers, carotenoids and retinol in the human prostate. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 5(10) 823-33. 

HABERMANN H, RAY V, HABERMANN w and PRiNS G s (2001) Alterations in gap junction protein expression in human benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. J Urol 166(6) 2267-72. 

In order to get recent advances on the effects of phytoestrogens on hormonal-dependent diseases as well as on human supplementation trials, it might be useful to refer to http //www.venus-ca.org/ (EU-funded project on dietary exposure to phytoestrogens and related compounds and effects on skeletal tissues) http //www.phytos.org (EU-funded project on the prevention of osteoporosis by nutritional phytoestrogens) http //www.phytoprevent.org (EU-funded project on the role of phytoestrogens in the prevention of breast and prostate cancer) and http //www.nutrition.tum.de/isoheart.htm (EU-funded project on cardiovascular health of postmenopausal women). 

The second major difficulty is that cells and tissues in the body are exposed to numerous metabolites displaying different structures compared to the parent molecules present in plant foods. For example, it has been suggested that the metabolites of lycopene may be responsible for reducing the risk of developing prostate cancer. These metabolites may interact with nuclear receptors such as PPARs, LXR, and others. " Future research is needed to produce metabolites (enzymatically or chemically) in order to elucidate their cellular mechanisms and thus clarify their effects on human health. 

Kucuk, O. et al.. Effects of lycopene supplementation in patients with localized prostate cancer, Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood), 227, 881, 2002. van Breemen, R.B. et al.. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of cis- and all-trans-lycopene in human serum and prostate tissue after dietary supplementation with tomato sauce, J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 2214, 2002. 

Yang, H. Chen, D. Cui, Q. C. Yuan, X. Dou, Q. P. Celatrol, a triterpene extracted from the Chinese thunder of god vine is a potent proteasome inhibitor and suppresses human prostate cancer growth in nude mice. Cancer Res. 2006, 66, 4758 -765. 

Other agents, including selenium, vitamin E, lycopene, green tea, nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory agents, isoflavones, and statins, are under investigsation for prostate cancer and show promise. Selenium is a naturally occurring trace element that is an essential nutrient in the human diet.8 However, none of these agents is currently recommended for routine use outside a clinical trial. 

Jarry H, Thelen P, Christoffel V, Spengler B, Wuttke W. Cimicifuga racemosa extract BNO 1055 inhibits proliferation of the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Phytomedicine 2005 12 178-182. 

Kotake-Nara, E, Kim, SJ, Kobori, M, Miyashita, K, and Nagao, A, 2002. Acyclo-retinoic acid induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Anticancer Res 22, 689-695. 

Hantz, H. L., L. F. Young, and K. R. Martin. 2005. Physiologically attainable concentrations of lycopene induce mitochondrial apoptosis in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 230(3) 171-179. 

Hwang, E. S. and P. E. Bowen. 2004. Cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis by lycopene in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. J Med Food 7(3) 284-289. 

Kotake-Nara, E., M. Kushiro, H. Zhang et al. 2001. Carotenoids affect proliferation of human prostate cancer cells. JNutr 131(12) 3303-3306. 

Population studies associate tomato consumption with reduced risk to prostate cancer. The most positive associations have come from cohort studies performed before the prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-screening era, and these studies have suggested that the tomato/lycopene effect was the strongest for clinically relevant prostate cancers (Giovannucci 2007). Small human studies have shown in vivo antioxidant effects for tomato products but evidence for lycopene alone is weak (Chen et al. 2001, Porrini and Riso 2000, Riso et al. 2004, Zhao et al. 2006). Animal and tissue culture studies have been... 

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