Propylene, copolymer with ethylene

Currently, important TPE s include blends of semicrystalline thermoplastic polyolefins such as propylene copolymers, with ethylene-propylene terepolymer elastomer. Block copolymers of styrene with other monomers such as butadiene, isoprene, and ethylene or ethylene/propy-lene are the most widely used TPE s. Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) accounted for 70% of global styrene block copolymers (SBC). Currently, global capacity of SBC is approximately 1.1 million tons. Polyurethane thermoplastic elastomers are relatively more expensive then other TPE s. However, they are noted for their flexibility, strength, toughness, and abrasion and chemical resistance. Blends of polyvinyl chloride with elastomers such as butyl are widely used in Japan. ... 

Poly(propylene oxide) [25322-69-4] may be abbreviated PPO and copolymers of PO and ethylene oxide (EO) are referred to as EOPO. Diol poly(propylene oxide) is commonly referred to by the common name poly(propylene glycol) (PPG). Propylene oxide [75-56-9] and poly(propylene oxide) and its copolymers, with ethylene oxide, have by far the largest volume and importance in the polyurethane (PUR) and surfactant industry compared to all other polyepoxides. Articles reviewing propylene oxide (1), poly(propylene oxide) (2—4), other poly(aIkylene oxides) (4), and polyurethanes (5—7) are cited to lead the interested reader to additional detail not in the scope of this article. 

Vinyl chloride can be copolymerized with many other monomers to improve its properties. Examples of monomers used commercially are vinyl acetate, propylene, ethylene, and vinylidine chloride. The copolymer with ethylene or propylene (Tg = 80°C), which is rigid, is used for... 

An oil-based drilling mud can be viscosified with maleated ethylene-propylene elastomers [919]. The elastomers are ethylene-propylene copolymers or ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers. The maleated elastomers are far more effective oil mud viscosifiers than the organophilic clays used. On the other hand, specific organophilic clays can provide a drilling fluid composition less sensitive to high temperatures [491]. 

Linear block styrene copolymers with ethylene-propylene PS PP SAN... 

The Ziegler-Natta catalysts have acquired practical importance particularly as heterogeneous systems, mostly owing to the commercial production of linear high- and low-density polyethylenes and isotactic polypropylene. Elastomers based on ethylene-propylene copolymers (with the use of vanadium-based catalysts) as well as 1,4-cz s-and 1,4-tran.y-poly(l, 3-butadiene) and polyisoprene are also produced. These catalysts are extremely versatile and can be used in many other polymerisations of various hydrocarbon monomers, leading very often to polymers of different stereoregularity. In 1963, both Ziegler and Natta were awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry. 

Let us recall also that vanadium-based soluble Ziegier-Natta catalysts have found widespread industrial application for the manufacture of elastomeric ethylene/propylene copolymers and ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymers [319-322]. The most commonly used vanadium-based catalysts for random ethylene/propylene copolymerisation are those prepared from VCI4, VOCI3, V(Acac)3, VO(OEt)Cl2, VO(OEt)2Cl or VO(OEt)3 as precursors and AlEt3, AlEt2Cl or Al(z-Bu)2Cl as activators, with an Al/V molar ratio not exceeding 3 1 [37, 72],... 

A statistical ethylene-propylene copolymer with the ratio of 4 ethylene units to 3 propylene units (E.P. Rubber) has approximately the same degree of branching as the trimethyl nylon 6/6 of Table II. 

Phillips,G.W., Carrick,W.L. Transition metal catalysts. IX. Random ethylene-propylene copolymers with a low pressure polymerization catalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 84, 920-925 (1962). 

PCO/PE Block copolymers with Ethylene or Propylene and norborene blocks low melt viscosity thus good processability, high elongation at break, impact strength, toughness, hardness, and modulus Epple and Brekner, 1994... 

Polyolefin copolymers started with LLDPE and ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR). Today, there are polyolefin copolymers of ethylene with butene-1, hexene-1, octene, cyclopentene, and norbornene and copolymers of propylene with butene-1, pentene-1, and octene-1 in addition to ethylene. There are copolymers of butene-1 with pentene-1, 3-methylbutene-l, 4-methylpentene-1, and octene in addition to its copolymers with ethylene and propylene. There are copolymers of 4-methylpentene-1 with pentene-1 and hexene-1 in addition to its copolymers with butene-1 and propylene. The function of the comonomers is to reduce crystallinity, as compared to the homopolymers, resulting in copolymers that are highly elastomeric with very low... 

During the functionalization reaction of ethylene-propylene copolymers with maleic anhydride crosslinking is accompanied by a degradation of the pmodified polymer occurs [120]. 

ICP = blends of isotactic propylene homopolymer with ethylene-propylene rubber. These materials are commonly called "impact copolymers," "heterophasic copolymers," or, incorrectly, "block copolymers." These are typically prepared during the polymerization process using a series of reactors. L = low rubber (less than about 15% rubber by weight typically witli an ethylene content of less than about 10%). H = high rubber content blends (greater than about 15% rubber by weight typically with an ethylene content of at least 7%). 

Random copolymers of ethylene with propylene (EP), with ethylene content between 80 and 40 mol % are amorphous materials at room temperature [30,31] which, despite the irregular constitution, are able to crystallize at low temperatures or by stretching at room temperature [30-38,190-193]. In EP copolymers, propylene units are included in the crystalline lattice of the orthorhombic form of polyethylene (PE, lattice parameters a = 7.42, b = 4.95, c (chain axis) = 2.54 A [194]), inducing large disorder and decrease of degree of crystallinity. 

Fig. 4 (a) trans fraction of the EEE homosequences of ethylene-ra -propylene copolymer with 75% ethylene content as a function of temperature. The trans fraction of EEE triads was determined from the analysis of the peak areas at 33.6 and 30.8 ppm (b) trans fraction of the PEE heterosequences of ethylene-ra -propylene copolymer with 75% ethylene content as a function of temperature. The heterosequences contain a methyl as a substituent in the a position with respect to the observed methylene, and the trans fraction of the triads was determined from the deconvolution of the CP MAS NMR spectra performed at varying temperatures. The first derivatives of the curves are also reported dotted lines) to localize precisely the transition (c) CP MAS NMR spectra of the ethylene-ran-propylene copolymer with 75% ethylene content recorded with a contact time of 2 ms at variable temperatures... 

Linear low-density polyethylene, LLDPE, was blended Bahl et al. (1985) with low-density polyethylene, 10-45 wt% LDPE polypropylene, PP and/or ethylene-propylene copolymer [with a high propylene content], 2-15 wt%... 

Ishida et reported melt blending of PLA with four types of common rubbers, ethylene-propylene copolymer (EPM), ethylene-acrylic rubber (EAM), acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) and isoprene rubber (IR), to toughen PLA. All blends showed separated phase morphology where the elastomer phase was homogeneously distributed in the form of small droplets in the continuous PLA phase. Izod impact testing showed that toughening was achieved only when PLA was blended with NBR, which showed the smallest rubber particle size in the blends. In addition, the interfacial tension between both phases, PLA and NBR, was the lowest. 

To check whether values obtained by extrapolating high temperature data to room temperature are correct, the ethylene-propylene copolymer with 40% ethylene [67] was employed. Its very low glass transition allows determination of at 30°0 and therefore comparison of direct values with the extrapolated ones. The retention volumes were determined in the temperature range 63—83°C (average 73 0), values calculated and A and B constants in eqn (6.43) were determined for each polymer-solute system Zjg values were then calculated at 30 G. A good linear dependence of Zjg versus 1/ T was obtained. The ordinates at the origin, slopes, correlation coefficients of lines and X obtained by calculation and by experiment are listed in Table 5.7. 

SCHEME 11.1 Reaction of amino-functionalized ethylene-propylene copolymers with maleated iPP. 

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