Propylene carbonate, properties

The physical properties of finish removers vary considerably due to the diverse uses and requirements of the removers. Finish removers can be grouped by the principal ingredient of the formula, method of appHcation, method of removal, chemical base, viscosity, or hazardous classification. Except for method of apphcation, a paint remover formulation usually has one aspect of each group, by which it can be used for one or more appHcations. A Hst of the most common organic solvents used in finish removers has been compiled (3). Many are mentioned throughout this article others include ethyl lactate [97-64-3] propylene carbonate [108-32-7] furfural alcohol [98-01-1/, dimethyl formamide [68-12-2] tetrahydrofuran [109-99-9] methyl amyl ketone [110-43-0] dipropylene glycol methyl ether [34590-94-8] and Exxate 600, a trade name of Exxon Chemicals. 

The mechanical properties of X depend partly on the length of the oli-goethyleneoxy groups. The polymers are solid for x=l, highly viscous gums for x=3 and elastomers for x=7.2. The maximum conductivity of these complexes at 30 °C are reported in Table 16. Gel electrolytes have also been obtained by adding propylene carbonate (PC) (10-50 wt%) to these polynorbornene de-... 

Although less common than zinc chlorides, there has been much synthetic and structural work carried out on zinc bromide and iodide complexes. For example, the 1 1 adduct of N,N,N, A -tetramethyl-o-phenylenediamine with zinc bromide has been structurally characterized.630 The ion exchange properties of zinc bromide and iodide have been studied in ethylene glycol.631 The electrolytic behavior of zinc bromide in propylene carbonate has been studied and the conductance data shows the existence of dimers.632... 

Water is involved in most of the photodecomposition reactions. Hence, nonaqueous electrolytes such as methanol, ethanol, N,N-d i methyl forma mide, acetonitrile, propylene carbonate, ethylene glycol, tetrahydrofuran, nitromethane, benzonitrile, and molten salts such as A1C13-butyl pyridium chloride are chosen. The efficiency of early cells prepared with nonaqueous solvents such as methanol and acetonitrile were low because of the high resistivity of the electrolyte, limited solubility of the redox species, and poor bulk and surface properties of the semiconductor. Recently, reasonably efficient and fairly stable cells have been prepared with nonaqueous electrolytes with a proper design of the electrolyte redox couple and by careful control of the material and surface properties [7], Results with single-crystal semiconductor electrodes can be obtained from table 2 in Ref. 15. Unfortunately, the efficiencies and stabilities achieved cannot justify the use of singlecrystal materials. Table 2 in Ref. 15 summarizes the results of liquid junction solar cells prepared with polycrystalline and thin-film semiconductors [15]. As can be seen the efficiencies are fair. Thin films provide several advantages over bulk materials. Despite these possibilities, the actual efficiencies of solid-state polycrystalline thin-film PV solar cells exceed those obtained with electrochemical PV cells [22,23]. 

Some physical properties of 3-propyl-4-ethylsydnone have been determined at various temperatures <1997BCJ315>. The dielectric constant (e = 64.6 at 25°C) is high compared to many organic solvents and close to that of propylene carbonate (e = 64.9), a typical nonaqueous polar solvent. 

Kashiwagi T, Grulke E, Hilding J, Harris R, Awad W, Douglas J (2002). Thermal degradation and flammability properties of poly(propylene)/carbon nanotube composites. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 23 761-765. 

Use of the tripodal ligand Saltren creates a tetranuclear complex [Mn402(Sal-tren)2][MnCl4] 2CH3CN (172) having a fused open cubane structure without a carboxylate group. At 300 K the value of the effective magnetic moment for (172) is 5.1 /Ub, which decreases to 2.0 /iB at 4.2 K. The redox properties of (172) in propylene carbonate have been studied by cyclic voltammetry. Two oxidation responses are observed at = —0.32V and 0.43 V vs. SCE. 

Keywords Biodegradability Blends and composites Poly(propylene carbonate) Thermal properties Viscoelastic properties... 

Material Properties of Poly(Propylene Carbonates) Table 2 Miscellaneous properties of PPC 43... 

Luinstra GA (2008) Poly(propylene carbonate), old copolymers of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide with new interests catalysis and material properties. Polym Rev 48(1) 192-219... 

Lai MF, Li J, Liu JJ (2005) Thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of poly(propylene carbonate). J Therm Anal Calorim 82 293-298... 

Chen W, Pang M, Xiao M, Wang S, Wen L, Meng Y (2010) Mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of glass fiber-reinforced biodegradable poly(propylene carbonate) composites. J Rein Plast Comp 29 1545-1550... 

Ma X, Chang PR, Yu J, Wang N (2008) Preparation and properties of biodegradable poly (propylene carbonate)/thermoplastic dried starch composites. Carbohydr Polym 71(2) ... 

Du L, Qu B, Meng Y, Zhu Q (2006) Structural characterization and thermal and mechanical properties of poly (propylene carbonate)/MgAl-LDH exfoliation nanocomposite via solution intercalation. Compos Sci Technol 66 913-918... 

Wang S, Huang Y, Cong G (1995) Rheological properties of poly(propylene carbonate). Chin J Appl Chem 12(6) 96-98... 

Li XH, Tjong SC, Meng YZ, Zhu Q (2003) Fabrication and properties of poly(propylene carbonate)/calcium carbonate composites. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 41(6) 1806-1813... 

Double-layer properties in aqueous, propylene carbonate and formamide solutions have been studied at room temperature for liquid Ga-Pb alloy (0.06 atom % of Pb) [15], as a model of Pb electrode with renewable surface. The electrode behaves as an ideally polarizable electrode in a wide potential range, and its capacitance is intermediate between that of Ga and Hg electrodes and is independent of the solvent. This electrode is much less lipophilic than Ga. Adsorption of anions on this electrode increases in the sequence -BP4 = S042 < Gl < Br < r. 

Epoxides can co-polymerize with CO2 to give aliphatic polycarbonates. The co-polymerization is one of the most promising methods to utilize GO2 as a Cl feedstock. The product polycarbonates have many potential applications because of their unique properties. For example, poly(propylene carbonate) (PPG) decomposes completely at 300 °G in any environment to leave a very small amount of ash. This feature makes it applicable to pore former for mesoporous carbon composites. Poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PGG) has glass-transition temperature (Tg) of 115°G, higher than 35-40 °G of PPG, endowing the materials with properties very similar to polystyrene. ... 

Organic solvents can also be classified according to their ability to accept or transfer protons (i.e., their acid-base behavior) [20,21]. Amphiprotic solvents possess donor as well as acceptor capabilities and can undergo autoprotolysis. They can be subdivided into neutral solvents that possess approximately equal donor and acceptor capabilities (water and alcohols), acidic solvents with predominantly proton donor properties (acetic acid, formic acid), and basic solvents with primarily proton acceptor characteristics (formamide, N-methylformamide, and N,N-dimethylformamide). Aprotic solvents are not capable of autoprotolysis but may be able to accept protons (ACN, DMSO, propylene carbonate). Inert solvents (hexane) neither accept nor donate protons nor are they capable of autoprotolysis. 

Although two cations are often observed to complex in a dinuclear fashion in the axial macrobicycles, as noted in the previous paragraphs, lateral macrobicycles (Figure 1) are clearly designed for incorporation of two metal ions.9,171,172 These two metal ions are by construction necessarily in chemically different environments, which can greatly affect both chemical and physical properties. For example, in the bis-copper(II) complex of (49b) the two copper ions exhibit greatly different redox potentials (+ 550 and + 70 mV vs. NHE in propylene carbonate).9... 

Solvents that meet all or most of the criteria are propylene carbonate, dimethyl sulfoxide, 4-butyrolactone, acetonitrile, sulfur dioxide, thionyl chloride, and phosphorus oxychloride. Certain other solvents, with fairly low s values, such as tetrahydrofuran, dimethoxyethane, and 1,3-oxolane are used in conjunction with a high s solvent, in order to reduce the viscosity without impairing excessively the other desirable properties of the co-solvent. All these solvents are on the List, with properties shown in the tables mentioned. Commercial implementation of such batteries has been highly successful, with energy densities of primary dischargeable batteries of 0.3 W h g 1 or 0.5 W h cm 3 and a self discharge rate of < 2% per year of the open-circuit battery being achieved. 

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