Intercalation solution

The soluble polymers can be intercalated into the galleries using this method. Polymer is dissolved in the solvent containing the desired weight fraction of nano-clay. The polymer chains intercalates into the interlayer spacing of the clay platelets. The nanocomposite is formed by the evaporation of the solvent. This method is good for the intercalation of polymers 

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SCHEME 2.2 The solution intercalation method for nanocomposite preparation. 

Novel room-temperature-vulcanized silicone mbber-organo-MMT nanocomposites were prepared by a solution intercalation process by Wang et al. [104]. A new strategy was developed by Ma et al. [105] to prepare disorderly exfoliated nanocomposites, in which a soft siloxane surfactant with a weight-average molecular weight of 1900 was adopted to modify the clay. 

Protons are not the sole species that can be incorporated into the lattices of different host materials. At the beginning of the 1960s, Boris N. Kabanov showed that during cathodic polarization of different metals in alkaline solutions, intercalation of atoms of the corresponding alkali metal is possible. As a result of such an electrochemical intercalation, either homogeneous alloys are formed (solid solutions) or heterogeneous polyphase systems, or even intermetallic compounds, are formed. 

Du L, Qu B, Meng Y, Zhu Q (2006) Structural characterization and thermal and mechanical properties of poly (propylene carbonate)/MgAl-LDH exfoliation nanocomposite via solution intercalation. Compos Sci Technol 66 913-918... 

Alkali metal-NH, solution intercalation. Data from W. Rudorff, Chimia,19, 496 (1965). 

The incorporation of unmodified and organically modified montmorillonite nanoclays (namely 15A and 30B) in chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) by the solution intercalation method and their influence on mechanical properties of the nanocomposites have been studied by Kar et al. [137]. The o-MMT-embedded nanocomposites show enhanced tensile strength and Young s modulus in comparison to the nanocomposites containing the unmodified nanoclay. They have shown from and XRD analyses that organically modified clay shows better dispersion in the CPE matrix. This has been further substantiated from FTIR analysis, which proves an interaction between the CPE matrix and the clay intercalates. 

There are few reports on rubber-LDH nanocomposites in which they have been prepared mostly by solution intercalation methods and not by a conventional technique for processing rubber-based composites [102, 103]. But, the melt... 

In aqueous solution, intercalated Hoechst 3342 protects DNA against strand breakage beyond OH-scavenging (quenching diameter by Hoechst 3-4 bp Adhikary et al. 1997a). Besides, intercalated Hoechst reacts with OH-induced DNA on the ms time scale. The Hoechst-reactive damaged DNA sites are likely the oxidizing radicals A and G and pyrimidine peroxyl radicals (Table 12.17 for further pulse radiolysis studies on Hoechst in aqueous solution see Adhikary et al. 2000). 

Solvent blending Solvent blending, also called solution intercalation in the case of clay and other nanolayers, involves both dispersing the nanoadditive and dissolving the matrix polymer in a solvent or a solvent mixture. Three parameters have been considered to be important, particularly for clays, in choosing the surface treatment of the nanoadditives with this process The structure of the modifier, its miscibility with the polymer, and its thermal stability. The miscibility of the modifier here has two meanings miscibility with both the final polymer and the solvent chosen to dissolve the polymer. The modifier structure and its miscibility are perhaps more important than the thermal... 

FIGURE 11.14 A schematic illustration of the solution intercalation process with clay as example. 

The induced CD of an electric dipole transition of a solute intercalated in DNA has been calculated using a matrix method and wavefunctions proposed for the transitions of... 

A literature survey also revealed that the above-mentioned composites were inaccessible by solution intercalation techniques. 

A typical rechargeable battery based on this idea has been constructed. It uses the [Ni(TTL)]a, polymer as the anode, poly-2-vinyl-pyridine-iodine (P2VP (x/2)l2) (68) complex as the cathode, and aqueous KI solution as the electrolyte solution (Equation 13). In the discharging process, electrons flow from the anode [Ni(TTL)]a to the cathode P2VP (x/2)l2 through the load circuit the iodide (or polyiodide) ions formed at the cathode then enter the electrolyte while an equivalent amount of iodide ions from the electrolyte solution intercalate into the oxidized metal tetrathiolene polymer (anode). The electrolyte concentration is therefore conserved. Upon recharging with an opposite... 

Recently, the authors of this chapter have prepared polymer/clay nanocomposites using a water-soluble hyperbranched aliphatic polyester (Bottom from Perstorp) [Decker et al., 2009]. The nanocomposites were prepared via a solution-intercalation method using deionized water as the solvent medium. The nanocomposite preparation recipe was similar to that used by Plummer et al. [2002]. There are several advantages of this system compared to many other polymer/clay nanocomposite systems. These include the fact that no surfactant is required, the polymer is amorphous, and a broad range of composites from 0 to 95 wt% can be easily prepared. This... 

Varghese, S., and Karger-Kocsis, J., Layered sUicate/rubber nanocomposites via latex and solution intercalation, in Polymer Composites from Nano- to Macro-scale Friedrich, K., Fakirov, S., and Zhang Z.,Eds., Springer-Verlags, Berlin, 2005, pp. 77-90. 

Polymer nanocomposites are generally prepared by three methods solution intercalation, in-situ polymerisation or melt compounding. 

In this study chitosan/ clay nanocomposites were successfully prepared by the solution intercalation process. It was found that clay dispersion is affected by the kind of clay and the chitosan/day ratio. Since the nanocomposites prepared with purified bentonite (BNT) showed similar behavior to that prepared with montmorillonite, less expensive bentonite may be employed in the preparation of chitosan/clay nanocomposites. 

Poly(ether-anude)/layered silicate nanocomposites with dibenzalacetone and cinnamoyl moieties have been prepared by a solution intercalation technique from poly(ether-amide) 6 and organo-mont-moriUonite. The organoclay improves the flame retardancy of the material [53]. 

Mallakpour S, Dinar M. Insertion of novel optically active poly(amide-imide) chains containing pyromellitoyl-bis-l-phenylalanine linkages into the nanolayered silicates modified with 1-tyrosine through solution intercalation. Polymer 2011 52(12) 2514-23. 

This technique is highly suitable for producing thermoplastic polymer nanocomposites in large scale. There are many advantages with direct melt intercalation over solution intercalation. For example, direct melt intercalation is highly specific for the polymer, leading to the formation of new hybrids. In addition, the absence of a solvent makes direct melt intercalation an environmentally sound and economically favorable method for industries [11]. 

Intercalation/exfoliation of biodegradable polymer macromolecules in layered hosts, such as layered silicates, has been proved as an effective method to synthesize polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. Methods like solution intercalation, in-situ synthesis and melt intercalation have emerged as successful methods to prepare biodegradable polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. 

Solution intercalation is based on a suitable solvent system in which the polymer is soluble and the silicate layers are easily swellable. Prior to the nanocomposite preparation biodegradable polymer is allowed to dissolve in a suitable solvent. The same solvent is used to disperse nanoclays through optimized cycle of mechanical stirring and sonication process. Futher, both solutions are mixed through a coupled process of mechanical stirring and sonication. The cycle time and order depends upon the nature of the matrices and fillers and also the composition. A similar mechanical stirring and sonication coupled process has been used by Miyagawa et at... 

Schematic representation of the "polymer-solvent exchange" solution intercalation process.

Li, Y. and Ishida, H. 2003. Solution intercalation of polystyrene and the comparison with poly (ethyl methacrylate). Polymer 44 6571-6577. 

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