Serum prolactin

Prolactin serum concentrations at rest will be greater than 20 ng/mL (20 mcg/L) in men or 25 ng/mL (25 mcg/L) in women with at least three measurements. 

Parathyroid hormone, serum, N-terminal Phosphate (alkaline), serum (p-NPP at 30 C) Phosphorus (inorganic), serum Prolactin, serum (hPRL)... 

Using both Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley female rats, atrazine was found to disrupt the hypothalamic control of pituitary-ovarian function as indicated by alteration in luteinizing hormone and prolactin serum levels. Females treated with atrazine (75, 150, and 300 mg kg day for 21 days by... 

Prolactin is secreted in a pulsatile fashion by the lactotroph cells of the anterior pituitary, with the highest peak concentrations observed during sleep." The secretion of prolactin is regulated primarily by tonic hypothalamic inhibitory effects of dopamine. As described earlier in this chapter and listed in Table 75-1, many factors can affect prolactin secretion. During pregnancy, prolactin serum concentrations rise substantially above normal. All other conditions characterized by excess prolactin serum concentrations, known as hyperprolactinemia, are considered pathologic. 

Prolactin serum concentrations at rest will be >20 mcg/L on multiple occasions. 

Elevated prolactin serum concentrations inhibit gonadotropin secretion and sex-steroid synthesis. Because prolactin concentrations higher than 60 mcg/L are associated with anovulation, women with hyperprolactinemia typically present with menstrual irregularities such as ohgomenorrhea or amenorrhea and infertility. In addition, approximately 40% to 80% of women with hyperprolactinemia will have galactorrhea. The clinical presentation of patients with hyperprolactinemia is summarized in Table 75-5. ... 

Bromocriptine was the first D2-receptor agonist to be used in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia and has been the mainstay of therapy for over 20 years. It inhibits the release of prolactin by directly stimulating postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic release of dopamine (prolactin-inhibitory hormone) inhibits the release of prolactin. Decreases in serum prolactin concentrations occur within 2 hours of oral administration with maximal suppression occurring after 8 hours, and suppressive effects persisting for up to 24 hours. Medical therapy with bromocriptine normalizes prolactin serum concentrations, restores gonadotropin production, and shrinks tumor size in approximately 90% of patients with prolactinomas. ... 

Swartz CM, Breen K, Leone F Serum prolactin levels during extended cocaine abstinence. AmJ Psychiatry 147 777—779, 1990 Sziraki I, Sershen H, Hashim A, et al Receptors in the ventral tegmental area mediating nicotine-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Neurochem Res 27 253-261, 2002... 

There is a recent clinical report by Emil Coeearo and colleagues that I think might be relevant to the kind of thing you have done in rats. They have been looking at endocrine responses to fenfluramine in humans as a marker of central serotonergic function. And they have observed an increase in serum prolactin concentration, which is felt to be due to serotonin release. They reported that, in subjects who received a seeond dose of fenfluramine within 12 days after the first dose, that there was a blunted response to serum prolactin. 

D17. Devins, S. S., Millerm, A., Herndon, B. L., O Toole, L., and Reisz, G., Effects of dopamine on T-lymphocyte proliferative responses and serum prolactin concentrations in critically ill patients. Crit. Care Med. 20,1644-1649 (1992). 

Cannabimimetics are also shown to affect reproductive and metabolic functions indirectly by hormonal modulation through the hypothalamic and pituitary regulatory centers. They are found to reduce serum levels of the luteinizing hormone, prolactin, growth hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone, and to increase corticotropin (Murphy, 1998). 

The answer is d. (Hardman, pp 1371-13720 High prolactin levels in the serum result in amenorrhea, for reasons that are not known. Bromocriptine inhibits prolactin secretion through its dopaminergic action This compound, a semisynthetic ergot derivative, appears to be a dopamine receptor agonist. It is administered orally to the patient and, in most cases, menses occurs after a month of therapy. 

There are currently no diagnostic laboratory tests for epilepsy. In some cases, particularly following GTC (or perhaps CP) seizures, serum prolactin levels may be transiently elevated. Laboratory tests may be done to rule out treatable causes of seizures (e.g., hypoglycemia, altered serum electrolyte concentrations, infections, etc.) that do not represent epilepsy. 

A serum prolactin level obtained within 10 to 20 minutes of a tonic-clonic seizure can help differentiate seizure activity from pseudoseizure activity,... 

SGAs cause few or no acutely occurring extrapyramidal side effects. Other attributes ascribed include minimal or no propensity to cause tardive dyskinesia (TD) and less effect on serum prolactin than the FGAs. Clozapine is the only SGA that fulfills all these criteria. 

Lasco A, Cannavo S, Gaudio A, Morabito N, Basile G, Nicita-Mauro V, Frisina N (2002) Effects of long-lasting raloxifene treatment on serum prolactin and gonadotropin levels in postmenopausal women. Eur J Endocrinol 147 461-465... 

Stimulates gastric emptying and intestinal transit of barium in cases where delayed emptying interferes with radiological examination of the stomach or small intestine. Unlabeled uses Used to improve lactation. Doses of 30 to 45 mg/day have increased milk secretion, possibly by elevating serum prolactin levels (see Warnings). Also for treatment of postoperative gastric bezoars (10 mg 3 or 4 times daily). 

Intravenous exposure to nickel chloride has been shown to reduce serum levels of prolactin in male rats which were pretreated with chlorpromazine, which itself produces hyperprolactinemia (LaBella et al. 1973). The effect was not observed in rats that had not been pretreated with chlorpromazine. Nickel has also been shown to accumulate in the pituitaries in pregnant rats more than in nonpregnant rats (Sunderman et al. 1978), suggesting that a toxicological effect through prolactin may only be manifest during maximum prolactin production. 

A 30-year-old woman has secondary amenorrhea and serum prolactin levels of 75 ng/mL. She has vis-... 

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