Profit and technology

Scherer, F.M. (1993), Pricing, profits, and technological progress in the pharmaceutical industry , Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1 (3), 97-115. 

To understand potential problems and their solutions, it is helpful to consider the relationships of machine capabilities, plastics processing variables, and product performances. A distinction has to be made between machine conditions and processing variables. For example, machine conditions include operating temperature and pressure, mold or die temperature, and machine output rate. Processing variables are more specific, such as the melt condition in the mold or die and the flow rate versus temperature. See FALLO approach morphology polymer, reactive profit and technology. 

This screening effort does not differ from the way in which other product manufacturers judge their chances of profits and advancements. It implies progress of technology in a different sense, not always depending on the results of studies, which are presented in scientific meetings. 

In this brief review we illustrated on selected examples how combinatorial computational chemistry based on first principles quantum theory has made tremendous impact on the development of a variety of new materials including catalysts, semiconductors, ceramics, polymers, functional materials, etc. Since the advent of modem computing resources, first principles calculations were employed to clarify the properties of homogeneous catalysts, bulk solids and surfaces, molecular, cluster or periodic models of active sites. Via dynamic mutual interplay between theory and advanced applications both areas profit and develop towards industrial innovations. Thus combinatorial chemistry and modem technology are inevitably intercoimected in the new era opened by entering 21 century and new millennium. 

A company may get capital by selling a subsidiary or a portion of its business. In 1969 Monsanto decided that it would quit the low-density polyethylene business. It sold its plant at Texas City, Tex., plus its research findings and technology concerning low-density polyethylene to Northern Petrochemical.14 In the same year Atlantic Richfield paid 1800,000 for a 30% interest in a mining lease on about 8,560 acres of oilshale reserves in eastern Utah.15 W. R. Grace Co. sold its 53% interest in the Miller Brewing Company to Philip Morris for 130,000,000 and made an after-tax profit of 54,000,000.16 In 1969 it also sold its steamship business. 

As an alternative to QDs, silicon can be doped with single atom impurities, in particular phosphorus, which acts as an electron donor. Donors can be implanted individually with a precision of about 10 nm. Either the 31P nuclear spin or the unpaired electron can be used as qubits [63, 64]. An advantage of silicon is its widespread use in current electronics, meaning that QC might profit from methods and technologies already developed for their classical cousins . Also, spins in silicon can attain extremely high coherence times experiments on 28 Si-enriched silicon show spin coherence times T2 exceeding 10 s [65]. The read-out and coherent manipulation of individual spin qubits in silicon have been recently achieved [66]. 

The Center for Policy Alternatives at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, under contract to the EPA, observed that regulation may affect industry in areas such as profitability, growth, imports, exports, employment and technological innovation.(3 From the Coatings and Resins perspective, direct impacts on innovation have had a cascading effect on the other areas with the exception of direct employment costs associated with compliance. 

All the examples quoted show how costs can be lowered, profit for products increased and the turnover enlarged by selecting KU know-how and technology for chlor-alkali electrolysis plants. 

With Krupp Uhde know-how and technology, new plants and conversions, future-oriented technologies, after-sales service and plant monitoring are all offered with increased profits on products, reduced capital expenditure and increased turnover converging to an improved Rol. 

In the interview relating to the experience of Chemical Leasing application the General Director of the service provider underlined that the new business model was beneficial for the company in respect of economic profit and opportunity for a most effective introduction of innovations and know-how. The Deputy Technological Manager of the company using the service indicated that the new business relationship was economically beneficial and provided the fastest and mostly efficient approach to solve environmental problems that the company had been facing before. 

Most industrialists consider innovation to be synonymous with development of a new or improved product or process that yields a profit. Under this definition, a chemical company would not consider the following activities as innovation use by the company for the first time of off-the-shelf technology a company discovery which is successfully commercialized by a competitor development and use of new engineering technologies to satisfy pollution control requirements. These industrialists emphasize the many steps involved in the innovation process in going from discovery to profit, and they consider regulatory requirements as hurdles — and perhaps necessary hurdles — along the path to successful innovation. 

Our aim in writing this book has been to produce a brief but comprehensive account which may be read - we hope with some profit and interest - by anyone with a basic knowledge of chemistry and physics who wishes to know something about how batteries work, and what the main developments are in this fascinating area of science and technology. We have tried to maintain a balance between describing well established conventional systems, and state-of-the-art developments which may or may not become of commercial importance. However, because of the existence of excellent specialized texts which describe in some detail the evolution of the main commercial batteries, we have placed considerable emphasis on discussing recent trends and discoveries. 

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