Production plant characteristics

Naphthalenol. 2-Naphthol or p-naphthol or 2-hydroxynaphthalene/7i3 -/5 -i7 melts at 122°C and boils at 295°C, and forms colorless crystals of characteristic, phenoHc odor which darken on exposure to air or light. 2-Naphthol [135-19-3] is manufactured by fusion of sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate with sodium hydroxide at ca 325°C, acidification of the drowned fusion mass which is quenched ia water, isolation and water-washing of the 2-naphthalenol, and vacuum distillation and flaking of the product. A continuous process of this type has been patented (69). The high sulfate content ia the primary effluent from 2-naphthol production is greatiy reduced ia modem production plants by the recovery of sodium sulfate. 

Product Main characteristics tons/year Purity Type of plant Country Client... 

The mass produced corresponds to 805 kg. The fact that the production of 1 mol Al requires 3 mol e accounts for the very high consumption of electricity characteristic of aluminum-production plants. 

As a new product is taken from the laboratory, through the pilot, and into the production plant, a lot of information will accumulate that helps to better understand the product and the associated production process. In general, the major characteristics are soon evident and will be exploited to optimize the production. Fine-tuning the process can only be done, however, if hitherto hidden aspects are revealed. 

The book starts with general information on fine chemicals and characteristic features of their manufacture. Tools that are used in working out new industrial processes and optimization of existing plants and processes are presented in subsequent chapters. Finally, the target of all laboratory, pilot and design activities, namely a modern production plant, is described. 

The SNP model contains all relevant locations, i.e., production plants and distribution centers, in the supply network. The cross-locational sourcing aspect of the planning scenario is handled within the master planning process. SNP determines which of the plants produces which quantities of which products in which time periods. On a rough level, SNP also determines which production alternative is used at a specific plant, for instance with regard to ingredients and general process characteristics. 

Table 11 Characteristics of Typical Spent Stream of Biologicals Production Plant at Greenfield, IN [20] ...

According to the literature [3,17,33], the heterogeneous nature of fertilizer production plants precludes the possibility of presenting a typical case study of such a facility. Nevertheless, the wastewater flows, the characteristics, and the treatment systems for a phosphoric acid and N-P-K fertilizer plant were parts of a large fertilizer manufacturing facility. The full facility additionally included an ammonia plant, a urea plant, a sulfuric acid plant, and a nitric acid plant. The typical effluent flows were 183 m /hour (806 gpm) from the phosphoric plant and 4.4 m /hour (20 gpm) from the water treatment plant associated with it, whereas in the N-P-K plant they were 420 m /hour (1850 gpm) from the barometric condenser and 108 m /hour (476 gpm) from other effluent sources. 

Because of the variety and uniqueness of pesticide manufacmring processes and operations, the flow and characteristics of wastewater generated from production plants vary broadly. In 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, and 1984, the USEPA conducted surveys to obtain basic data concerning manufacturing, disposal, and treatment as well as to identify potential sources of priority pollutants in pesticide manufacmrers [7]. The results of these surveys and USEPA s interpretations and evaluations are summarized in the following. 

Animal fats or plant oils can pass on to the final biodiesel product particular characteristics derived from their differences in composition. For instance, if biodiesel is produced from the transesterification of a representative vegetable... 

Within each plant class to be considered the production process consists of a number of chemical and/or physical tasks. While the type and/or quantity of input factors such as raw materials and utilities might differ significantly between products, the characteristics of the production process within a single plant class are usually similar (except for multi-purpose plants). Therefore, the activities taking place within a single plant class can normally be combined for strategic planning purposes. The overall capacity of a plant is then determined based on the "bottleneck" (usually the ma-... 

HEEP is expected to be similar to the IAEA software DEEP which is being used to perform economic analysis and feasibility studies related to nuclear desalination in the IAEA and other member states. It is expected that HEEP will have similar architecture to DEEP but with the possibility of easy update and future expansion. Various major processes and technologies are to be incorporated in the HEEP programme as the basis for modelling the performance and cost characteristics of hydrogen production plants. The pre-alpha version of HEEP has been completed and the release of the beta version is expected to be in the first quarter of 2009. 

Therefore, nearly all manufacturers of agglomeration equipment maintain rather elaborate laboratories, often with large scale equipment to avoid scale-up problems. These test facilities must also include peripheral equipment such as mixers, driers, heaters, crushers, screens, etc. For cost reasons, in most cases no continuous operation of an entire production line is possible. To simulate expected plant characteristics, a certain amount of fines may be recycled to the agglomeration unit. The amount and typical size consist of the recycle stream will be determined and, after simulated production, will be mixed with the fresh feed to evaluate the influence of this feed component on projected plant performance. 

To improve the effectiveness of the process, it is necessary to determine the extent to which the entropy production is characteristic of the process and the extent to which it is a consequence of equipment inefficiencies that could be reduced by increased capital expenditure for either larger or more effective equipment. To do this, we consider an idealized process design for a plant in which the exchangers are so large that the pressure drop is zero and the temperature difference is the minimum consistent with process heat balance. In addition, we assume that the heat leak may be made negligible by elaborate insulation, that only the minimum heat needed to reboil the tower will be used, and that the nitrogen compressor may be made 100 percent efficient and isothermal. ... 

Biotechnology is more selective in the manner in which plant characteristics are controlled. Because new products must undergo batteries of toxicity tests before regulatory approval, the products approaching market are safer than most other plant-derived produce developed using conventional agricultural techniques. 

The electrical energy produced in fuel cells is characterized by the voltage (V) and the current (i). The product tV is the available electrical capacity. When constructing a classical installation for energy production these characteristics are fixed. The capacity of a car depends in the first place on the cylinder volume the generator of an electric power plant is designed for the required production capacity. 

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