Production interpretations

Abstract Delivery of nicotine in the most desirable form is critical in maintaining people s use of tobacco products. Interpretation of results by tobacco industry scientists, studies that measure free-base nicotine directly in tobacco smoke, and the variability of free-base nicotine in smokeless tobacco products all indicate that the form of nicotine delivered to the tobacco user, in addition to the total amount, is an important factor in whether people continue to use the product following their initial exposure. The physiological impact of nicotine varies with the fraction that is in the free-base form and this leads to continued exposure to other toxic tobacco contents... 

NMR Analyses of Reaction Products. Interpretation of mixtures of materials by 13C-NMR is complicated, and such interpretation was attempted only when the spectra were fairly simple or when known species could be picked out readily. 

Fruit tissues respond to ethylene by exhibiting increases in the activities of enzymes that catalyze ripening reactions, and in some cases, the increases in enzyme activity probably are the result of de novo synthesis, rather than activation of preexisting enzymes. Other target tissues respond similarly to ethylene. But it is not known whether ethylene acts directly to evoke new enzyme production. Interpretation of results with inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis is inconclusive, because it could be merely that RNA and protein synthesis are essential to maintain the cells in a state competent to respond to ethylene. Moreover, there are some responses to ethylene, besides fruit ripening, which occur under conditions which apparently do not directly involve RNA and protein synthesis (e.g., membrane permeability changes). It has been proposed that the in vivo ethylene receptor site contains a metal such as copper (34,35). 

The equation now tells us that 16.0 grams of CH4 reacts with 64.0 grams of O2 to form 44.0 grams of CO2 and 36.0 grams of H2O. The Law of Conservation of Matter is satisfied. Chemical equations describe reaction ratios, that is, the mole ratios of reactants A balanced equation may be and products as well as the relative masses of reactants and products. interpreted on a mass basis. 

Suggest structures for each of these reaction products, interpreting the spectroscopic data. You are not expected to give mechanisms for the reactions and you must resist the temptation to say what ought to happen. These are all unexpected products. 

An extensive investigation of the oxidation of aldopentoses to the corresponding aldonic and aldaric acids has been reported [30]. Aldaric acid selectivity did not exceed 50-60 % because of the formation of degradation products interpretation of the different reactivities of the molecules was impaired by significant leaching of the Pt/Al203 catalyst, particularly during o-ribose oxidation. 

Diethyl malonate can be monoalkylated and dialkylated with bromoethane. The proton NMR spectra are provided for each of these alkylated products. Interpret each spectrum and assign an appropriate structure to each spectrum. 

Stator current and stator flux linkage space vectors can be (formally) introduced as the geometric vectors ig and f specified in (8.9a) in the (rf, q i-plane (see them as special cases of vector u introduced in Fig. 8.3). The vector-product interpretation of the electromagnetic torque given in the first equation of (8.10) can thus be easily derived from (8.8a). Moreover, as the vectors themselves are independent of the coordinate system in which they are described, this vector- or external-product expression is valid in any coordinate system or frame, a fact indicated in the second equation of (8.10) with superscript F. With the current vector leading the flux vector (positive sense defined by positive 9r or p) the torque vector would appear as in Fig. 8.3, i.e., in the positive motoring sense. 

These results would be interpreted as showing that water breakthrough has occurred earlier in layer B than in the other layers, which may give reason to shut off this layer (as discussed below). The lack of production from layer C may indicate ineffective perforation, in which case the interval may be re-perforated. The lack of production may be because layer C has a very low permeability, in which case little recovery would be expected from this layer. 

Radiographic inspection is performed to reach a decision about the acceptability of the component or product being tested. Before any evaluation can be made, the interpreter must be certain that the images are satisfactory. In addition, the interpreter must have a solid understanding of the following in order to be successful with the interpretation of the radiographic film for welding quality. 

As a first step in the direction outlined here some manufacturers and BAM last year discussed the problems and the possible procedures of such a system of quality assurance. As a result of this meeting round robin tests for the harmonization of the measurements of film system parameters and a possible procedure of surveillance of the quality of film systems were proposed. Closely related to these the BAM offers to perform the classification of film systems. But as during the production of films variations of the properties of the different batches cannot be avoided, the results of measurements of films of a single batch will be restricted to this charge, while only the measurements and mean of several batches of a film type will give representative values of its properties. This fact is taken into account already in section 4 of the standard EN 584-1 which can be interpreted as a kind of continuous surveillance. In accordance with this standard a film system caimot be certified on the base of measurements of a single emulsion only. 

In the framework of the new approach third parties have a particular responsibility. Their task has become more difficult especially in cases where products are manufactured directly to the essential requirements. In that case competent interpretation and judgement needs to be applied in order to evaluate whether the required safety level is achieved or not. Not only safeguard clauses and their economic consequences should be avoided but also possible distortion of the market. An exchange of experience between bodies which are notified for a given directive is therefore normally organised with a view to ensuring its coherent application and to avoid such negative consequences. 

In principle, the reaction cross section not only depends on the relative translational energy, but also on individual reactant and product quantum states. Its sole dependence on E in the simplified effective expression (equation (A3.4.82)) already implies unspecified averages over reactant states and sums over product states. For practical purposes it is therefore appropriate to consider simplified models for tire energy dependence of the effective reaction cross section. They often fonn the basis for the interpretation of the temperature dependence of thennal cross sections. Figure A3.4.5 illustrates several cross section models. 

Attempts to characterize polymeric substances had been made, of course, and high molecular weights were indicated, even if they were not too accurate. Early workers tended to be more suspicious of the interpretation of the colliga-tive properties of polymeric solutions than to accept the possibility of high molecular weight compounds. Faraday had already arrived at Cs Hg as the empirical formula of rubber in 1826, and isoprene was identified as the product... 

Interpret these results in terms of the relative influence of the two components of the catalyst on the product found. 

Several early interpretations of the polymerization mechanism have been proposed (1,17,29—31). Because of the complexity of this polymerization and insoluble character of the products, key intermediates have not ordinarily been isolated, nor have the products been characterized. Later work, however, on the resinification of furfural (32,33) has provided a new insight on the polymerization mechanism, particularly with respect to thermal reaction at 100—250°C in the absence of air. Based on the isolation and characterization of two intermediate products (9) and (10), stmcture (11) was proposed for the final resin. This work also explains the color produced during resinification, which always is a characteristic of the final polymer (33). The resinification chemistry is discussed in a recent review (5). 

A tow product described as 0.9 tex, 5000 total tex, may therefore be interpreted as an uncrimped tow band that weighs 5000 g for each kilometer of length and that is composed of 5555 individual filaments (5000/0.9) each weighing 0.9 g for each kilometer of length. 

Consumer Products. Laser-based products have emerged from the laboratories and become familiar products used by many millions of people in everyday circumstances. Examples include the supermarket scaimer, the laser printer, and the compact disk. The supermarket scanner has become a familiar fixture at the point of sale in stores. The beam from a laser is scaimed across the bar-code marking that identifies a product, and the pattern of varying reflected light intensity is detected and interpreted by a computer to identify the product. Then the information is printed on the sales sHp. The use of the scanner can speed checkout from places like supermarkets. The scanners have usually been helium—neon lasers, but visible semiconductor lasers may take an impact in this appHcation. 

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