History Petroleum Production

Elder, A. L. 1970. The History of Penicillin Production. Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series Vol. 66. New York American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Guthrie, V. B. ed. 1960. Petroleum Products Handbook. New York McGraw-Hill. 

The pour point (ASTM D-97, IP 15) is the lowest temperature at which the fuel oil will flow under specified conditions. The maximum and minimum pour point temperatures provide a temperature window where a petroleum product, depending on its thermal history, might appear in the liquid as well as the solid state. Pour point data can be used to supplement other measurements of cold flow behavior, and the data are particularly useful for the screening of the effect of wax interaction modifiers on the flow behavior of petroleum. The pour point should not be confused with the freezing point, which is an index of the lowest temperature at which the crude oil will flow under specified conditions. Test methods (ASTM D-2386, ASTM D-5901, ASTM D-5972, IP 434, IP 435) for the freezing point are not usually applicable to fuel oil but are more applicable to diesel fuel and aviation fuel. 

In this part of the book, fundamental chemical information of interest to petroleum chemists is given. The first chapter deals with the main definitions as well as the important properties of crude oil and petroleum products used by petroleum specialists. A short history is given as to how crude oil became the most important power source for our civilization for over thousands of years. 

The subcommittee concludes that the available data are insufficient to draw a conclusion regarding the carcinogenicity of inhaled JP-8. However, because some studies show that chronic dermal exposure to high doses of jet fuels or other petroleum products produces skin tumors, the subcommittee recommends that the Department of Defense (DOD) conduct lifetime carcinogenicity bioassays by the inhalation route in two animal species to determine whether JP-8 is carcinogenic via inhalation. The subcommittee also recommends that DOD follow a cohort of military personnel (including obtaining their exposure history) to determine whether exposure to JP-8 is associated with an increased incidence of various types of cancers. 

Lisk, M., Ostby, J., Russell, N.J., O Brien, G.W. (2000) Oil migration history of the offshore Canning Basin. Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association Journal, 40(2), 133-151. 

Adhesive production has been heavily impacted by the price and the availability of products derived from petroleum. Recently, various resins and some other key raw materials have been rationed, and there remains a concern that as petroleum production decreases, these materials will be further rationed and their prices will inaease dramatically. Efforts to generate materials from sustainable resources are ongoing. It is luck/ that adhesives have been produced for centuries thus, there is a history of the use of sustainable raw materials for adhesive produrtion. 

The history of corrosion inhibitors and neutralizers and their invention, development, and application in the petroleum industry is documented by a review of Fisher [605]. Early corrosion inhibitor applications in each of the various segments of the industry, including oil wells, natural gas plants, refineries, and product pipelines, are reviewed. 

Pipelines have a long history. In ancient times, pipelines were used for water transport. Examples are still visible in archeologic areas. However, it is clear that these early constructions could not bear large pressures. The advent of gas pipelines started between 1820 and 1830 with the distribution of town gas. Nowadays pipelines are indispensable in petroleum industries for the transport of various materials, including natural gas, crude oil of various types, and refined products. 

Petroleum and chemical engineers perform oil reservoir simulation to optimize the production of oil and gas. Black-oil, compositional or thermal oil reservoir models are described by sets of differential equations. The measurements consist of the pressure at the wells, water-oil ratios, gas-oil ratios etc. The objective is to estimate through history matching of the reservoir unknown reservoir properties such as porosity and permeability. 

Figure 18 28 History matched and forecasted production by Models B and C, and comparison with actual. (a) Water and Gas production, (h) Oil production [reprinted from the Journal of the Canadian Petroleum Technology with permission].

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