Chemical feed stock

There is a wide range of conversion levels. The term maximum conversion type has no precise definition but is often used to describe a level of conversion, where there is no net fuel oil manufactured. A fuel products refinery with specialities may manufacture lubricating oils, asphalts, greases, solvents, waxes and chemical feed stocks in addition to the primary fuel products. The number and diversity of products will naturally vary from one refinery to another. Refineries produce chemical feed stocks for sale to the chemical affiliates and do not have responsibility for the manufacture of chemical products directly. Both operations may be carried out at the same physical location but the corporate product responsibilities are usually separate. 

Refineries produce chemical feed stocks for sale to the chemical affiliates and do not have responsibility for the manufacture of chemical products directly. Both operations may be carried out at the same physical location but the corporate product responsibilities are usually separate. 

Contaminants can be any chemical substance used in the plant that does not belong in the reaction system. This includes coolants, air (oxygen), solvents, lubricants, rust, and so forth. Changes in chemical feed stocks, for example, from using different suppliers, can result in the introduction of contaminants as well. The result of contamination may be ... 

Production processes typically depend on materials and substances derived from the chemical industry, which in turn relies on chemical feed stocks. To give an idea of the importance of chemical trade, the United States exports and imports are both on the order of 10" USD per year. A list of the most important organic and inorganic chemicals is given in Table 8.1. 

Lactic acid fermentation has received much attention for many years and is widely applied in the food, pharmaceutical, leather, and textile industries, as well as a chemical feed stock (Table 4.3). Two enantiomers of lactic acid are produced (l[+] and [d-]) of which l(+) can be used by the... 

The hydrocarbons are in a high-energy state. The release of this energy by combustion is the reason these materials are useful as fuels. This is also one of the reasons these compounds are valuable as chemical feed stock. Many of the chemicals made from hydrocarbons could be made from farm waste such as straw or leaves. However, a great deal of energy is required to convert the farm waste to the type of chemicals extracted from hydrocarbons. The high-energy state of the hydrocarbons allows the low cost manufacture of a host of materials that have become critical for civilization. 

However, it is believed that incineration of strap tires is not the most desirable long-run approach when the total natural resource situation is considered. Scrap tires, a discarded resource rich in hydrocarbons, should be returned to the production cycle as useful materials, such as reclaim, reinforcing carbon black, and carbon compounds that could be chemical feed stocks. This last approach would conserve gas and oil reserves. 

Some chemical production processes use the municipal gas supply as chemical feed stock. In some cases the gas has to be treated to meet the production specifications. Pressure swing adsorption is often used to remove higher hydrocarbons. One drawback of this application is the Umited lifetime of the adsorber in the presence of higher hydrocarbons and the costs for replacement and trans-... 

Heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons has been extensively studied for the last century, since a large fraction of high value chemical feed stocks, such as organic aldehydes, acids, ketones, alcohols, etc., are produced by the catalytic partial oxidation of light alkanes and alkenes. Historically, oxidation reactions have always been carried out over either noble metals or transition metal oxides. Noble metals have been almost exclusively applied to complete oxidations, whereas transition metal oxides have been used for both selective and complete oxidations. 

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