Objects discrete

Dip coating is very commonly used for coating continuous objects that are not flat, such as fibers, and for irregularly shaped discrete objects. Tears or drops of coating at the bottom of dip coated articles may be removed by electrostatic attraction as the article is moved along a conveyor. 

Figure 11.21 shows a farm with animals moving around. Due to the symmetry of geometry and ventilation, only half of the scene is modeled and calculated. The pigs are simulated either as discrete objects (Fig. 11.21 a) or as distributed semiporous objects (Fig. 11.21/ ). 

FIGURE 11.22 Calculated airflow field in a plane through discrete objects. 

An object has symmetry when certain parts of it can be interchanged with others without altering either the identity or the apparent orientation of the object. For a discrete object such as a molecule 5 elements of symmetry can be envisaged ... 

Injection molding is a common process that we use to convert polymer granules to solid objects. Unlike the products made by continuous extrusion processes, discussed in Chapter 11, products made by injection molding are discrete objects, produced in individual mold cavities. We encounter injection molded products of all sorts in our daily lives, ranging from combs, bottle caps, and ballpoint pens to car steering wheels, camera bodies, and the keys on our computers. 

In production and logistics we find some typical objects Products, processes, BOMs, work flows, resources, shift models, lockups, departments/business units, locations, demands (anonymous, orders). Most of these objects are discrete in nature, for example orders and batches are typical discrete objects. All these objects can be used to group and attach information. Objects which are not discrete may be approximated by discrete quants. 

Dendrimers remain discrete objects in dilute solution, avoiding interpenetration. As the concentration increases above overlap, the dendrimers preferentially shrink in size rather than interpenetrating. When dried to a solvent-free condition, the dendrimers must either deform from their spherical shape into polyhedrons, or must interpenetrate. The solvent-free condition would require deuterium labeled dendrimers, and experiments are under way to probe this last concentration regime. 

All of the other chapters in this book deal with the symmetries of finite (discrete) objects. We now turn to the symmetry properties of infinite arrays. The end use for the concepts to be developed here is in understanding the rules governing the structures of crystalline solids. While an individual crystal is obviously not infinite, the atoms, ions, or molecules within it arrange themselves as though they were part of an infinite array. Only at, or very close to, the surface is this not the case this surface effect does not, in practice, diminish the utility of the theory to be developed. 

Helix (d) has the same pitch and radius as helix (a), but is a helix of discrete objects or "repeats," like a polymeric chain of repeating subunits. The transform appears at first to be far more complex, but it is actually only slightly more so. It is merely a series of X patterns distributed along the meridian of the transform. To picture how multiple X patterns arise from a helix of discrete objects, imagine that the helix beginning with arbitrarily chosen object number I produces the X at the center of the transform. Then imagine... 

Figure 9.2 Helices and their Fourier transforms, (a) Simple, continuous helix. The first intensity peaks from the centers of each row form a distinctive X pattern, (b) Helix with longer pitch than (a)gives smaller spacing between layer lines. (c)Hclix with larger radius than (a) gives narrower X pattern, (d) Helix of same dimensions as (a)but composed of discrete objects gives X patterns repeated along the meridian.

Proussevitch AA, Sahagian DL (2001) Recognition and separation of discrete objects within complex 3D voxelized structures. Comp Geosci 27 441-454... 

The next step is to develop approaches for positioning the objects in the appropriate locations in the cell. Encouraging preliminary work has demonstrated the feasibility of modeling patterns of proteins that are primarily in discrete objects (such as lyso-somes) (Zhao and Murphy in preparation). This method begins with synthesizing a nuclear image and a cellular boundary. The protein objects are then positioned in the synthesized cell. 

A dispersion Is a system made of discrete objects separated by a homogeneous medium In colloidal dispersions the objects are very small In at least one dimension. Colloidal sizes range from 1 to 100 nm however these limits are somewhat arbitrary, and It Is more useful to define colloids as dispersions where surface forces are large compared to bulk forces. Here we are concerned with systems where the dispersion medium Is a liquid examples are droplets In emulsions or mlcroemulslons (oll/water or water/oll), aggregates of amphiphilic molecules (surfactant micelles), foams, and all the dispersions of solid particles which are used as Intermediates In the manufacture of ceramics. At this stage we are not too concerned with the nature of the constituents, but rather with the structures which they form this Is a geometrical problem, where the system Is characterized by Its surface area A, by the shapes of Its Interfaces (curvatures - b ), and by the distances between opposing surfaces (d — concentration parameter). 

In mathematics, fractals appear as a result of the opposition and unity of two fields of mathematics One of these fields studies numbers (discrete objects), while the other studies shapes (continuous objects). 

Airborne particles can be classified and characterised in a number of ways and, for example according to their physical, chemical or biological properties. Also, many different terms are used in relation to airborne particles. Some of them identify particles by their sizes, others by the processes which led to their generation and some by the abihty of the particles to enter the human respiratory tract [6,7]. In particular, an aerosol is an assembly of liquid or sohd particles suspended in a gaseous medium long enough to enable observation or measurement, and a particle or particulate is a small, discrete object. 

The observations made in this study on inclusion body formation are explained by a pole age model of ceU growth. The constant fraction of cells with inclusion b ies during exponential growth is a consequence of segmentation of ceU cytoplasmic regions by the nuclear material in the cell, and the fact that inclusion bodies are discrete objects which cannot migrate from one end of the... 

At each magnification starting from low to high we observe more and more detailed information until atoms are observed. It is possible to describe a hierarchy of defects since they are embedded in the material - they are merely members of a set of discrete objects which represent deviations from the ideal structure. The analyst is faced with the task of describing the sets of defects and conditions under which they are detrimental to the operation of the device. 

Object orientation Software engineering approach for organizing software component as a collection of discrete objects that incorporate both data structure and behavior. 

Particles or particulates in the urban atmosphere, which range in size from about one-half millimeter (the size of sand or drizzle) down to molecular dimensions, are made up of an amazing variety of materials and discrete objects that may consist of either solids or liquid droplets. A number of terms are commonly used for different particulates depending on size and sources (Table 3). 

Machines must be programmed to see discrete objects or features within a scene. A feature extraction program employs an algorithm to list all of the pixels which define an object. This is an important part of DIS because the gray scale values of pixels within a single feature will be used to determine its spectral properties (e.g., absorbance A). In complex images, this process may be only partially automated. 

Numbers that represent discrete objects have no uncertainty. If five measurements were made, and we calculate the average by adding the five results and dividing by 5, the number 5 has no effect on the number of significant figures in the answer. There is no uncertainty in the number of measurements made, so the 5 can be considered to have an infinite number of significant figures. 

E.g. when (discrete) objects handled in a network can be aggregated to continuous flows. 

If the modelled real system relies on discrete objects, a discrete-event simulation is the natural choice for simulation. However, in chemical industry production processes are continuously operated. Hence, material flows are usually continuous with variable... 

Recently, deep ROSAT pointed observations (Hasinger et al. 1993) have shown that a substantial fraction (about 60%) of the background in the 1-2 keV band can be resolved into discrete sources at a flux level of about 3 X 10 ery/cm 5. A fluctuation analysis of the remaining background is consistent with all the soft background being due to discrete objects, and restricts a possible diffuse process to less than 25%. 

Abandoning the dispersion concept of microemulsions and realizing that they are closely related to micelles, liquid crystals, and other types of surfactant self-assemblies but distinctly different from (macro) emulsions clearly makes the term microemulsion less suitable. However, it has been kept for historical reasons. Confusion because of the wording continues, not so much concerning the thermodynamics but as regards microstructure it seems that the term easily directs the mind toward a structure of discrete objects, droplets, while we now know that this is not the typical situation. 

Suppose that we are given a sequence of images (or frames) of the same scene taken at different times from the same position. By comparing the frames, we can detect changes that have taken place in the scene between one frame and the next. For example, if the frames are closely spaced in time and the changes are due to the motions of discrete objects in the scene, we can attempt to track the objects from frame to frame and so determine... 

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