Market players

Market transformation involves coordination between large numbers of market players. It recognizes that because of returns to scale in manufacturing, uniform specifications are necessary to create the climate liccessai y to make investment in energy efficiency improvements. This coordination was devel-... 

Markets decide what energy resources shall be produced, how they shall be produced, and who will receive the benefits of the production processes. With millions of different activity options, and millions of individuals making individual and collective decisions, it is an ovenvhelniingly complex process. At the same time, it is usually very efficient because self-interested market players communicate through the price system. A self-interested rational individual will make decisions based on true preferences, and follow those preferences in a way that will provide the greatest satisfaction. Choices will be made under certain... 

Chemical market overview provide understanding for market structure and development by products, applications, regions and market players... 

The state as main actor - substance assessment by the state as the basis for risk reducing activity, mainly by means of regulatory policies. The responsibility for dealing with limited knowledge was almost exclusively that of the state and was hardly that of the other market players . 

A market where no individual market player can manipulate the market characterizes the usual case.38 Such a market will in theory limit price growth and any possibility for a producer to collect monopoly rent is ruled out. 

For example, market players might artificially create a price spike to prompt the release of allowances into the market. The experience with speculative attacks on currency and exchange rate controls provides some important lessons. 

In the context of a previous analysis performed by Zoulias et al. (2006) the operational market players for hydrogen-based autonomous power systems were identified. Following further analysis these market players can be qualitatively categorized in the following groups ... 

The expectations of market players and eventual outcomes in relation to micro level allocation plans for the second phase will have considerable impact on the functioning of the market for CO2 allowances and therefore the success or failure of the scheme. The updating of allocation plans required by the Directive takes away an underlying assumption of most economic assessments of emission trading schemes, i.e. that distribution does not affect efficiency unless transaction costs are high. Updated allocation plans have the effect of altering the abatement and production choices made by participants. Where participants believe that the base years in future allocation plans will be updated there is an incentive to increase emissions. The uncertainty as to whether or not this will happen in the second NAPs is likely to result in increased volatility and illiquidity (wider bid-offer spreads)... 

The Polish government, after a lot of hesitation, decided not to appeal and began to work on the NAP adjustments to the limit imposed by the Commission. After the Commission s decision, all the work was carried on directly by the Ministry of Environment without the support of consultants. Since June 2005, the ministry has prepared several proposals for the allocation plan based on the new total limit. These proposals have been discussed with representatives of branch organisations and large market players. The ministry has tried to achieve consensus mainly by negotiating. 

It may be a concern that excessive transparency could facilitate collusion between the major market players, particularly on an oligopolistic market. A balance must certainly be found as to what data is published and how it is published, in order to improve transparency without enabling collusion. 

By promoting co-operation between market players in the chain the government aims to strengthen the organic sector in the Netherlands. This co-operation is reflected in the chain agreements and a joint communication plan to improve consumer information. The government s job is to facilitate matters and to spur on the process. 

Market players do not enjoy a transparent and universal commercial environment. 

The price of silicon, in real terms, has been falling at an annual rate of 2 % since 1980 (Fig 2). A continuation of this trend has to be anticipated. The pressure on prices has mainly hit the Western world producers, whereas new market players from China and the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) do not seem to be affected. The exports from these countries will be a key... 

With the invention of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) by coordinative catalysis using ethylene and alpha-olefins as comonomers in the 1970s, many consultants predicted a significant replacement of the entire LDPE product portfolio by the novel LLDPE resins. As a consequence, only limited activities for further development of the LDPE processes have been undertaken by the market players. 

There might be a logical reason related to good agricultural practice (GAP), but several investigations concluded that some market players seem to take advantage of missing institutional (food) standards (CVUA 2006). 

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