Product design assessment

CE marking is the manufacturers self-declaration symbol indicating conformity with the essential requirements of all relevant directives. The product CE marking and declaration of conformity is mandatory for most products. A technical file describing the product, design, assessment, tests, standards applied, rationale, etc., shall also be readily available. 

Eastman Kodak has identified 10 core competencies and developed a process for their management and utilization within the company (29). Similarly, Eaton Corporation selected seven core technical competencies, ranked them in importance, assessed their importance vs the known state-of-the-art for the industry, and developed action plans to extend the life of each (30). Eaton subsequently found the company could bring to market products designed with proven building blocks, thus minimizing risk and the need for additional capital equipment. In addition, the competencies were found to be reservoirs of proprietary advantage that had not previously been put to work. 

In order to quantify the sometimes intangible elements of variability associated with the product design and the safety aspects in service requires an understanding of risk . The assessment of risk in terms of general engineering practice will be discussed next. This will lead to a better understanding of designing for quality and reliability, which is the main focus of the book. 

Principles of Product Design 9.2.1.2 Assessment of softening point... 

The whole topic of Life Cycle Assessment is dealt with in detail in Chapter 7. However, there are some important points about LCA as it relates to green product design. It is important to be able to compare different solutions, it is also important to be aware of the limitations of LCA. These include ... 

The need to evaluate alternatives often arises once the decision to eliminate chemicals of concern is made. Sometimes a chemical of concern can be eliminated through product design such as through the use of a material that is inherently flame retardant or a fabric barrier without the need for added flame-retardant chemicals. But when the only currently feasible option appears to be a chemical substitution, then the alternatives must be evaluated and assessed to ensure that they are in fact greener than the chemical they are intended to replace. We provide as examples of implementing alternatives assessment, the Green Screen for Safer Chemicals and the DfE Flame Retardants in Printed Circuit Boards Partnership. 

The EPS (environmental priority strategies in product design) system was initiated in 1989 by Volvo Automotive Company, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute and the Swedish Industry Federation. The current version was developed at the Centre for Environmental Assessment of Product and Material Systems (CPM) [37, 38],... 

It should be kept in mind that there are a number of common mistakes (in both the design and conduct of studies and in how information from studies is used) that have led to unfortunate results, ranging from losses in time and money and the discarding of perfectly good potential products to serious threats to people s health. Such outcomes are indeed the great disasters in product safety assessment, especially since many of them are avoidable if attention is paid to a few basic principles. 

The articles of this book have been grouped into 3 parts. Part I focuses on the relationships between molecular structure and properties. Tailoring molecular structure for an intended apphcation is a principal component in product design. Part II describes the design and manufacture of various structured / multicomponent products. A key feature for consumer products is the assessment of qualitative product qualities that are required to satisfy the consumers wants and needs. Part III contains student design projects as well as views for the further development of product design. 

The environmental issues are providing an exciting opportunity for R D to make a significant contribution, not only to the health of the local community but also the financial health of the company. Some of the major areas for study by R D are catalytic solutions, solvent replacement, novel reactors, such as microreactors, as well as considering the product design carrying out life cycle assessments and the use of alternative feedstocks. This area has become known as Green Chemistry [D-6]. 

Given a regular fraction of a 2f experiment and independent response variables, the estimators described above have constant variance even if the individual response variables do not. Also, the estimators are approximately normally distributed by the Central Limit Theorem. However, if the response variables have unequal variances, this unfortunately causes the estimators to be correlated and, therefore, dependent. The use of the data analysis to assess whether the levels of some factors affect the response variability is, itself, a problem of great interest due to its role in robust product design see Chapter 2 for a discussion of available methods and analysis. In the present chapter, we consider situations in which the estimators are independent. 

For products that are prepared extemporaneously at a regular basis or even for a limited stock, a product specific documentation (product file) is needed. This will include specifications, instructions, and records but also a pharmaceutical assessment of safety data, toxicity, biopharmaceutical aspects, stability, and product design. The product file should also include a product review as soon as a product is used repeatedly or over longer periods. 

For example, this procedme includes an analysis of market realities. A chemical product cannot be designed without a consideration of whether the proposed product will be profitable. Hence specific steps to assess the marketplace and determine profitability are included. In addition, recognizing that product design is only the first stage of product development and must be followed by a focused experimental program, the procedme includes an analysis of all uncertainties that should be followed up by experimentation. 

This section provides an introductory overview of some of the concepts and ideas that underlie the development of sustainable design approaches. This overview is followed by a discussion of cradle-to-cradle design, a lifecycle-based approach to material assessment and product design, and a brief discourse on the emerging principles of sustainable engineering. These correspond to some of the emerging... 

CRADLE-TO-CRADLE MATERIAL ASSESSMENT AND PRODUCT DESIGN... 

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