Processing general scheme

Water may be injected into the reservoir to supplement oil recovery or to dispose of produced water. In some cases these options may be complementary. Water will generally need to be treated before it can be injected into a reservoir, whether it is cleaned sea water or produced water. Once treated it is injected into the reservoir, often at high pressures. Therefore to design a process flow scheme for water injection one needs specifications of the source water and injected water. 

The mechanism of anionic polymerization of cyclosiloxanes has been the subject of several studies (96,97). The first kinetic analysis in this area was carried out in the early 1950s (98). In the general scheme of this process, the propagation/depropagation step involves the nucleophilic attack of the silanolate anion on the sUicon, which results in the cleavage of the siloxane bond and formation of the new silanolate active center (eq. 17). 

Dyeing Mechanism. Unmodified polyester fibers are very hydrophobic and absorb only minimal amounts of water and are therefore only dyeable with hydrophobic disperse dyes. The mechanism of dyeing is by simple partition, the so-called soHd solution mechanism. The dyeing process can be described by the general scheme... 

Step 2.1 R ne the Initial Checklist. Table 1 is a checklist of unit operations. Apply this as an initial guide and checklist that can be used to identify each unit operation within the unit process that the audit will focus on. You may have to make additions to the list, because it is meant to be a general overview. Next to each unit operation that applies to the unit process of interest, provide a brief description of its function or purpose. This will prove useful in developing a process flow scheme in Step 3. Much of this sub-step can be accomplished by... 

Fig. 115. General scheme of the processing of tantalum and niobium including treatment of fluoride compounds.

Fig. 122. General scheme of liquid-liquid extraction process using the multistage counter-current method. The three main steps are extraction, washing and stripping.

Destructive hydrazinolysis is of importance for the establishment of the structure of the PCS main chain, since the reaction products can easily be identified. The importance of this reaction also results from the fact that C=C bonds do not undergo hydrazinolysis. A general scheme of the process of destructive hydrazinolysis may be given as follows ... 

A generalized scheme, which summarizes certain of the most frequently observed kinetic characteristics for the reactions of a solid alone or with a gas, a liquid (solute) or another solid, is given in Table 2. The following processes may control the rate of product formation. 

In this context, phosphoranimine compoimds (both homosubstituted with an unique group or bearing two different groups at the phosphorus) play a fundamental role because their polymerization under different experimental conditions eventually leads to fully substituted polyphosphazenes with no residual chlorines on the phosphazene skeleton. The general scheme of the phosphoranimine polymerization processes is reported in Fig. 10. 

Figure 4.6. General scheme for the synthesis of linear alkyl benzenes, precursors to surfactants. Control over pore size of the catalyst can suppress the second alkylation almost completely. Given the ease with which the pore size can be chosen, one can design an effective catalyst for any particular reaction, and allow the selective and clean production of the desired mono-alkyl product, thus eliminating much of the waste associated with the process.

Scheme 2. General scheme showing the entrapment process of unprotected noble metal nanoclusters within the matrix of metal oxide nanoparticles. (Reprinted from Ref [18], 2004, with permission from Elsevier.)...

Although following similar nuclear reaction schemes, nuclear analytical methods (NAMs) comprise bulk analysing capability (neutron and photon activation analysis, NAA and PAA, respectively), as well as detection power in near-surface regions of solids (ion-beam analysis, IB A). NAMs aiming at the determination of elements are based on the interaction of nuclear particles with atomic nuclei. They are nuclide specific in most cases. As the electronic shell of the atom does not participate in the principal physical process, the chemical bonding status of the element is of no relevance. The general scheme of a nuclear interaction is ... 

Scheme 1.1. General scheme of a cationic-cationic domino process.

Figure 4 General scheme for constructing N-steps low-pass J filters. Low-pass filtering process can be repeated and improved several times with different intervals t, r2,... in order to properly eliminate all Vch peaks when a wide range of one-bond coupling constants Vch is present in the molecule.

The present work deals with the study of the liquid phase phenol alkylation by (-butanol over the three types of catalysts derived from MWW-precursor MCM-22, MCM-36 and ITQ-2. It was assumed that by pillaring and/or delamination the contribution of acid sites located on the hemicages will increase and it could be evidenced during the alkylation of phenol by (-butanol, process involving large reaction intermediates and products which are difficult to be accommodated within sinusoidal channels. The reaction pathway involves many parallel and/or successive steps, the main reactions being O-alkylation and C-alkylation. The catalytic activity and selectivity of these materials are discussed. A general scheme of the process is proposed on the basis of the structural and acidic features of the catalysts. 

The general scheme of photophysical processes followed by the photon absorption by the molecule induces the below-mentioned elementary stages [205-209] ... 

Diffusion of particles in the polymer matrix occurs much more slowly than in liquids. Since the rate constant of a diffusionally controlled bimolecular reaction depends on the viscosity, the rate constants of such reactions depend on the molecular mobility of a polymer matrix (see monographs [1-4]). These rapid reactions occur in the polymer matrix much more slowly than in the liquid. For example, recombination and disproportionation reactions of free radicals occur rapidly, and their rate is limited by the rate of the reactant encounter. The reaction with sufficient activation energy is not limited by diffusion. Hence, one can expect that the rate constant of such a reaction will be the same in the liquid and solid polymer matrix. Indeed, the process of a bimolecular reaction in the liquid or solid phase occurs in accordance with the following general scheme [4,5] ... 

The elimination reactions of /l-acetoxy sulfones 114 to give the donor-acceptor-substituted allenes 115 by a Julia-Lythgoe process are less conventional (Scheme 7.18) [157]. A new one-step synthesis of allene-l,3-dicarboxylates 118 from acetone derivatives 116 was developed by the use of 2-chloro-l,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride 117 [158, 159]. This elimination of water follows also the general Scheme 7.17 if a derivative of the enol, resulting from 116, is assumed as an intermediate for an elimination step. More complex processes of starting materials 119 furnished allenyl ketones 120 in high yields [160-162]. 

Figure 7.3 General scheme of the calculation of AU p at 298.15 K from the internal energy change of the actual bomb process, Al/exp-...

FIGURE 1.36 General scheme for the process of CPC and mobile phase flow regime for the descending mode of CPC (insert bottom left) used for the CPC separation of dichlorprop with [mono-ll-octadecylthio-h ls-10,ll-dihydroquinidinyl)]-l,4-phthalazine as chiral selector. Elution profiles for dichlorprop after injection of 366 mg racemate, amolar ratio r = 1 of loaded dichlorprop to total selector present in the rotor, and arotor speed of 1100 rpm. Stationary phase, 10 mM selector in methyl tert-butylether mobile phase, 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 8) flow rate 3 mLmin temperature, 25°C. (Reproduced from E. Gavioh et ah. Anal. Chem., 76 5837 (2004). With permission.)... 

FIGURE 8.1 General scheme of reactions involved in the sol-gel processing. 

Over longer time scales, clay minerals can undergo more extensive reactions. For example, fossilization of fecal pellets in contact with a mixture of clay minerals and iron oxides produces an iron- and potassium-rich, mixed-layer clay called glauconite. This mineral is a common component of continental shelf sediments. Another example of an authigenic reaction is called reverse weathering. In this process, clay minerals react with seawater or porewater via the following general scheme ... 

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