Process throughput

To a first approximation, the cost of a single MPI is assumed to vary with scale (vessel volume or process throughput) on an exponent of 0.7. The value of this exponent does vary from one plant item type to another and while it typically lies in the range 0.5-0.9 [40, 42] for some equipment types (e.g., centrifuges) it may be at or above unity. This indicates that the purchased cost of equipment per unit production rate, say /(tons per year), generally increases as manufacturing scale decreases well known as economies of scale, related to large bulk chemical plants. 

For example, an increase in the process throughput might result in an increase in the heat duty, and hence an increase in the heat transfer area, if the temperatures are unchanged. More generally, additional heat transfer area might be required as a result of increased heat duty, operation under reduced temperature differences, operation under reduced heat transfer coefficients or increased fouling. 

The high-throughput concept for quantitative bioanalysis applies to steps such as assay development, sample collection and sorting, sample preparation, sample analysis, and data processing and reporting. Those processes are closely interlinked and improvement of process throughput is equally important. 

The coverage shows that models rather focus on specific requirements areas and functions in value chain planning. It turns out that some requirements such as future inventory planning and process throughput smoothing are less investigated than others. 

Process throughput smoothing Campaign and change-over planning 5.7 Procurement planning Spot and contract procurement planning... 

Processes have variable throughputs with minimum process throughput TPPmm and maximum process throughput TPP max on a tons per hour basis V r,. v e IP5. Minimum and maximum process throughputs bound the process quantity as illustrated in fig. 69. 

In the following, the basic principle of the flexible recipes is presented. To keep the explanations simple, we consider only one single type of end product that is produced from one single raw material on one resource at a specific location during a given period. Required are the maximum process throughput of the resource measured in tons of output per hour and the input of raw material and output of finished products, respectively. In many types of chemical mass production, raw material consumption depends on the utilization rate of the equipment employed. Hence, linear recipe functions can be derived, which indicate the input of raw material required to produce the desired amount of output. 

The recipe function factors depend on the process utilization comparing process quantity with maximum process throughput. b pl is 0, if the recipe is static and does not change with process utilization. Otherwise the recipe factor increases with increasing process utilization. The example is also illustrated in fig. 70 and compared with a static recipe. 

The sources of wastewater generation in petroleum refineries have been discussed previously in this chapter. Table 5 presents a qualitative evaluation of wastewater flow and characteristics by fundamental refinery processes [5]. The trend of the industry has been to reduce wastewater production by improving the management of the wastewater systems. Table 6 shows waste-water loadings and volumes per unit fundamental process throughput in older, typical, and newer technologies [15]. Table 7 shows typical wastewater characteristics associated with several refinery processes [16]. 

Table 6 Waste Loadings and Volumes Per Unit of Fundamental Process Throughput in Older, Typical, and Newer Technologies...

It is estimated that the cost of treatment using MSO technology will be relatively high, due to high capital costs, labor requirements, and energy costs required to reach process temperatures. The cost per ton will be heavily dependent on process throughput and the chlorine content of the treated waste (D18091Q, pp. 9, 10). 

This makes it possible to tune solvent properties to optimize chromatographic separations. Because of the lower viscosity and higher diffusivity of supercritical fluids compared to common solvents, a higher mobile phase velocity can be used in the column, leading to a higher process throughput than that of liquid chromatography. 

Figure 12.21 Impact of pressure on retention and selectivity temperature = 20°C % IPA = 10%. Optimization of the process throughput.

Analytical SFC units are perfectly suited for optimizing the chromatographic conditions to maximize the process throughput. The separation of TSO racemate developed on an analytical system was therefore successfully extrapolated to a pilot unit equipped with a 50-mm id DAC column (System Supersep 50, Novasep) and integrating a CO2 recycling loop. 

Parallel processing Visualization Automation Information and sample processing (throughput) Efficiency and productivity... 

Definition 3.1. The recycle number of a material recycle loop in an integrated process is a process-wide dimensionless number, expressed as the ratio of the (steady-state) flow rates of the recycle stream and the process throughput, as captured by the (total) flow rate of the process feed stream(s) ... 

Assumption 5.3. The process conditions and constraints (e.g., low single-pass conversion) are such that, at steady state, the flow rate of the material recycle stream, FrjS, must be kept significantly larger than the process throughput Fo>s. This is reflected in a large recycle number Rc ... 

Bttie displacement of distillation by dtemative separation methods, at least for the large scale process throughputs. Thus, dmxlopment of distillation devices will continue, The result will be improved wqraratwn efficiency at lower pressure drop and lower cost. DR. JAMES S. PAIR, IMS... 

Both gas processing throughput and natural gas-liquids production for the past three years signify that U.S. production of gas liquids is in a downward trend. Specifically, the production of isobutane from this source has decreased almost 87o from 1974 to 1975, (2)... 

Congram, Gary E. "U.S. Gas-Processing Throughput Dips While Ethane Recovery Rises 5.7%," The Oil Gas Journal, (July 5, 1976)... 

Sutherland et al. [10] and, earlier, Sandlin and Ito [6] have shown that scale-up is feasible. It can be seen that over 60% retention has been achieved for a broad range of phase systems with flows of 0.1 L/min in a 1-L capacity coil. This leads to the solvent front (k = 0) eluting in 4 min and the k = 1 point in 10 min with sample volumes of at least 0.1 L possible. All this adds up to sample process throughputs of up to 1 L/h or in weight terms as much as 1 kg/day. 

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