Energy requirement and cost

Table IV Energy requirements and costing of desalting alterantives for Israel... 

The energy requiranents for gas-fired oven drying of fabric have been estimated by Hebrank (10), whose results show that total energy requirements are nearly equally divided between that needed to heat and evaporate water frcm the fabric and that needed to heat the make-up air (24 lb. for each lb. of water evaporated) for the oven. ETTJ requirements per 100 lb. of dry fabric are tabulated in Table III for several moisture content levels of the fabric entering the oven, using the calculation method described by Wagner (11). Annualized energy requirements and costs are also... 

In 1973, prior to the first energy crisis, New Zealand imported virtually all its liquid fuel requirements in the form of oil or its products. At this time such imports represented about 60 percent of New Zealand s primary energy requirements and cost less than 5 percent of the country s export earnings. After the first oil shock the cost of liquid fuels jumped to between 20 and 30 percent of export earnings and thereby severely weakened the economy. 

Figure 14. Energy requirement and cost of various desalination technologies. Data for multi-stage flash (MSF), multiple effect distillation (MED), reverse osmosis (RO), and two-stage RO (brine concentrator) taken from [57]. More recent data reportedfor a high flux membrane taken from [58].

Improved processability - Surface modified minerals deagglomerate easily and disperse well to maximize mineral-matrix eontact while promoting lower viscosity. This reduces compounding energy requirements and cost. Table 1, for example, shows die dramatie viseosity ehange for various fillers in polyester when pretreated with a methaerylate fimetional silane. 

Dry wire-pipe ESPs and other ESPs in general, because they act only on the particulate to be removed, and only minimally hinder flue gas flow, have very low pressure drops (typically less than 13 mm (0.5 in.) water column). As a result, energy requirements and operating costs tend to be low. They... 

The energy requirements and a summary of the costing of the listed alternatives, based on large capacity plants in the range of 100,000 cu. m/day for seawater desalting and 20,000 cu. m/day or larger for brackish feeds, are shown in Table IV. 

The energy optimization VIP is most beneficial for processes where energy and related capital expense are a relatively large fraction of the total operating cost. The benefits result in reduced energy requirements and environmental emissions in balance with project economics. This VIP should be implemented in the feasibihty phase (FEL-2) when preliminary PFDs and heat and material balances are available. 

According to the vendor, several factors of the Super Detox process limit processing costs. A low additive ratio reduces additive and disposal costs. The process has low energy requirements and can be custom designed for specific client needs (D15456N, p. 9). 

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