Process design phase 1 review

We have reviewed here, in the brief space available, some recent developments in phase equilibrium representations for polymer solutions. With these recent developments, reliable tools have become available for the polymer process designer to use in considering effects of phase equilibrium properly. 

The QMS and the processes that comprise it must be custom designed for the needs of the business. One size does not fit all situations. The requirements of an enterprise vary across sites and the phases of a product life cycle. A comprehensive system will ensure a holistic programmatic approach in its support to the enterprise. This does not mean that every phase of the product life cycle (discovery, development, commercial manufacturing) will utilize all the processes that comprise the system. Nor does it require that all commercial manufacturing sites will necessarily implement all processes. It does, however, provide a common platform and expectation for all processes, owners, metrics review programs, continuous improvement efforts, and the like when they are implemented. 

Simultaneously most petroleum and chemical companies have also brainstormed a safety review which asks "What-If" questions of the process (e.g. SOHIO ca. 1967). This is common practice in the industry and during design phases of a facility but was usually verbal and less formal in its application. Therefore not as much historical documentation is available on it, as compared to the HAZOP method. 

The FMEA process is applied during design phase. The principles of FMEA may have already been used to review the processes and functions documented in the initial URS. At each phase, the outcome of the previous FMEA is refined. Each function of the system is challenged and assigned a criticality based on the consequence of functional failure. Table 31.1 provides a generic view of FMEA objectives at each stage of application. 

This volume consists of reviews devoted to a range of important subjects. Vadim Guliants and Moises Carreon (University of Cincinnati) review the selective oxidation of butane. This is an excellent example of a catalytic process designed to add value to an inexpensive raw material, and is the only vapor phase selective oxidation of an alkane that is practiced industrially. This process also avoids the use of benzene, which eliminates the risk of handling this carcinogenic compound. The authors review the synthesis, activation, and mechanism of this reaction on V-P-O catalysts. 

In all cases the Project Manager must review, and/or insure review at the appropriate level, all process designs, especially Phase 1 packages, for compliance to the stated project objectives. 

This chapter is designed to review some of the approaches now used for automating immunoassays, specifically the radioimmunoassay (RIA) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and to describe the use of magnetic devices for processing solid phase elements in these assays. 

Micellar-polymer flooding and alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding are discussed in terms of emulsion behavior and interfacial properties. Oil entrapment mechanisms are reviewed, followed by the role of capillary number in oil mobilization. Principles of micellar-polymer flooding such as phase behavior, solubilization parameter, salinity requirement diagrams, and process design are used to introduce the ASP process. The improvements in ""classicaV alkaline flooding that have resulted in the ASP process are discussed. The ASP process is then further examined by discussion of surfactant mixing rules, phase behavior, and dynamic interfacial tension. 

Gas-liquid contacting operations, which transfer one or more components between a gas phase and a liquid phase, are important to numerous industrial chemical processes. Their significance is reflected in the abundance of different contactor designs and review articles. The importance of these operations to the chemical industry is affirmed by their global prevalence and involvement in annually producing hundreds of millions of tons of basic chemicals. The various gas-liquid contactor designs attempt to optimize controlling parameters or such specific domains as the gas-liquid interface or continuous-phase residence time. 

The routines developed for determining the optimum four-solvent eluant composition are designed to yield a prechosen level of resolution for all pairs of components in a mixture by carrying out no more than seven analyses with various solvent compositions. Evaluation of these chromatograms allows selection of a set of standard conditions for the given application. The technique has a sound basis in theory and appears to have general applicability and has been used with both normal and reverse phase systems. The routines associated with the optimisation process have been reviewed by Glajch et al. [15] and Poile [16] and are discussed in detail in section 6.14. 

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