Private strategy

If maintenance is performed, there are two principal maintenance strategies preventive and breakdown maintenance. These are not mutually exclusive, and may be combined even in the same piece of equipment. Take for example a private motor car. The owner performs a mixture of preventive maintenance (by adding lubricating oil, topping up the battery fluid, hydraulic fluid and coolant) with breakdown maintenance (e.g. only replacing the starter motor when it fails, rather than at regular intervals). 

Market transformation is a strategic inteivention to achieve a lasting, significant share of energy-efficient products and seivices in targeted markets. Market transformation is essentially synonymous with marketing strategy as used in the private business world. 

Although this measure was first introduced in Germany in 1989, constraints on public drag spending and the creation of incentives for cheaper alternatives are not new to cost containment policies, especially in public health systems. Several forms of public financing of pharmaceuticals based on comparison (yardstick competition) have been used in some countries by public and private insurers. Public financing mechanisms that pursue a similar strategy to that of RP include the maximum allowable cost (MAC) applied by the... 

Gimenez y Ribotta, M., Gaviria, M.,Menet, V. and Privat, A. Strategies for regeneration and repair in spinal cord traumatic injury. Prog. Brain Res. 137 191-212, 2002. 

Currently, physicians and patients determine the demand for pharmaceuticals and employers and insurers assume the risk and cost. As the price of new health care technologies escalates, payers will design and implement strategies to share risk and cost. Defined employer contributions, increased patient cost sharing, and benefit exclusions will be used to help control utilization and cost. In this environment, value-based assessments will be crucial to the adoption of any technological innovation. It is reasonable to expect public and private coverage for new therapies if evidence is provided regarding the costs and consequences of treatment. However, social and ethical dilemmas will certainly arise as therapies whose costs exceed their benefits are debated in the public arena. 

Fleet use is one strategy for alternative fuel commercialization. It was the main strategy that the DOE used in the 1990s to meet the goals of the Energy Policy Act of 1992. Vehicle fleets are typically driven twice as many miles compared to private vehicles and make up about one fourth of all U.S. light-duty vehicle sales. Many fleet vehicles have fixed daily routes and are regularly fueled at one location, so less infrastructure is needed to support fleet-based vehicles. 

Postmoney value is the market cap after the funding is complete and is what new investors focus on. Postmoney value is measured against other deals and the likely step-up in value prior to the next funding evenf. As the biotech market heats up or cools down, comparable values rise and fall. During the venture capital stage, investors try to estimate when the company can do an IPO (their exit strategy) and at what premoney value, and based on this estimate, coupled with their target rate of refum, they discount back to what would be a reasonable private postmoney value. 

The final category of proposals consists of suggestions for hybridizing end-to-end, pay-as-you-go, and/or conventional patent incentives within a single strategy. Today s Private-Public Partnerships frequently use sponsor money to subsidize commercial R D programs when conventional patent incentives are thought to be inadequate (Pharmaceutical R D Policy Project 2005). 

End-to-end strategies leave R D decisions in the hands of industry. The most natural way to extend these strategies is to let the industrial partner own patent rights over and above the basic end-to-end reward. Alternatively, sponsors can dispense with end-to-end rewards entirely by paying a subsidy to the private partner s R D program. In either case, sponsors face the usual difficulty of deciding how much reward is actually needed to elicit investment. However, this problem is harder now because the private partner can usually estimate the value of patent rights better than the sponsor can. This increases the sponsor s risk of overpayment. 

Widdus, Roy, and Katherine White. 2004. Combating Diseases of Poverty Financing Strategies for Product Development and the Potential Role of Private-Public Partnerships. Geneva Initiative on Private-Public Partnerships for Health. 

The development of cost-effective hydrogen and fuel cells technologies and infrastructure requires time, public and private sector investment, and technology breakthroughs to achieve commercial maturity and market penetration. Many IEA Member countries have already embarked on this effort in close co-operation with industry. Many others are in the process of revising and reinforcing their research and development strategies. 

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