Biologically soft

Hamley IW and Castelletto V. 2007. Biological soft materials. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 46(24) 4442-4455. 

Sun, D.N., Gu, W.Y., Guo, X.E., Lai, W.M., and Mow, V.C. (1999) A mixed finite element formulation of triphasic mechano-electrochemical theory for charged, hydrated biological soft tissues. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 45, 1375-1402... 

Koningsberger DC, Prins R (eds) (1988) X-ray absorption Principles, applications, techniques of EXAFS, SEXAFS, and XANES. John Wiley Sons, New York Lindle DW, Cowan PL, Jach T, LaVilla RE, Deslattes RD, Perera RCC (1991) Polarized X-ray emission studies of methyl chloride and chlorofluoromethanes. Phys Rev A 43 2353-2362 Loo BW, Sauerwald IM, Hitchcock AP, Rothman SS (2001) A new sample preparation method for biological soft X-ray microscopy nitrogen based contrast and radiation tolerance properties of glycol methacrylate-embedded and sectioned tissue. J Microsc 204 69-86 Matsui F, Yeom HW, Matsuda I, Ohta T (2000) Adsorption and reaction of acetylene and ethylene on the Si(001)2xl surface. Phys Rev 62 5036-5044... 

The basic factor for a surfactant to be classified as biologically hard substance is its low adsorptive capacity due to which the required sludge adaptation and the stationary state are reached only after 15-20 and more days. Biologically soft surfactants easily adsorb on activated sludge, and their adaptation is reached in a shorter period of time (2 to 4 days). 

The standard phenomenology of carbon black-filled rubber will be presented and the influence on the constitutive response of temperature and filler concentration will be discussed. Although the focus is on traditional vulcanized rubber, other thermoplastic elastomers show similar mechanical properties even if their chemical composition is quite different. Moreover, from a macroscopic point of view, the behavior of such materials is very close to the behavior of some biological soft tissues, such as ligaments and tendons, for what concerns both their static and dynamic responses. 

Advanced finite element codes are often called upon to simulate tires and biological soft tissues because of the complex behavior of these NLV materials. Among... 

Frijns AJH, Huyghe JM, Janssen JD (1997) A validation of the quadriphasic mixture theory for intervertebral disc tissue. Int J Eng Sci 35(15) 1419-1429 Grimshaw PE, Nussbaum JH, Grodzinsky AJ, Yarmush ML (1990) Kinetics of electrically and chentically induced swelling in polyelectrolyte gels. J Chem Phys 93(6) 4462-4472 Gu WY, Lai WM, Mow VC (1999) Transport of multi-electrolytes in charged hydrated biological soft tissues. Transp Porous Media 34 143-157... 

In this book we consider soft materials under the headings of polymers (Chapter 2), colloids (Chapter 3), amphiphiles (Chapter 4), hquid crystals (Chapter 5) and biological soft materials (Chapter 6). The distinctions between these systems are often not strong. For example, amphiphiles in solution and some aspects of polymer science are often considered in books on colloid chemistry. However, here we treat them separately since they are technologically important enough to merit detailed consideration on their own. The chapter on liquid crystals is in fact focused on one class of material, thermotropic liquid crystals, where phase transitions are thermally driven. However, a different class of liquid crystal phase is formed in am-phiphile solutions, where concentration is also a relevant variable. These are termed lyotropic liquid crystal phases and are discussed in Chapter 4. 

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