Primary batteries solid-electrolyte cells

Batteries that require a liquid electrolyte are called wet batteries. Corrosive battery fluid refers to either acid electrolytes syn. battery acid, like the common lead-acid automobile battery which uses a solution of sulphuric acid, or alkali electrolytes syn. alkaline corrosive battery fluid, like potassium hydroxide (1310-58-3) solutions in nickel-cadmium and other alkaline battery systems. Dry batteries or dry cells, like all primary batteries, use electrolytes immobilized in pastes, gels, or absorbed into separator materials. Some batteries are loaded with a dry, solid chemical (e.g., potassium hydroxide) which is diluted with water to become a liquid electrolyte. The hazards associated with handling and transportation prior to use are thereby reduced. 

So far, such cells have found only limited practical applications, and these are primary batteries with very small currents and long shelf life. Little success has been realized from attempts to make mini-SBs based on solid electrolytes. 

The Prospects For Solid Electrolyte SBs. For reasons discussed above, the Agl-based cells, being useful for some special types of primary batteries, are not very promising for secondary ones. The beta-alumina cells, on the contrary, have already been developed to the pilot-plant stage and their prospects are fairly good to become commercialized. They are the most advanced among the candidate batteries for traction. The high operating temperature could be lowered if a solid... 

Much of the recent research in solid state chemistry is related to the ionic conductivity properties of solids, and new electrochemical cells and devices are being developed that contain solid, instead of liquid, electrolytes. Solid-state batteries are potentially useful because they can perform over a wide temperature range, they have a long shelf life, it is possible to make them very small, and they are spill-proof We use batteries all the time—to start cars, in toys, watches, cardiac pacemakers, and so on. Increasingly we need lightweight, small but powerful batteries for a variety of uses such as computer memory chips, laptop computers, and mobile phones. Once a primary battery has discharged, the reaction cannot be reversed and it has to be thrown away, so there is also interest in solid electrolytes in the production of secondary or storage batteries, which are reversible because once the chemical reaction has taken place the reactant concentrations can be... 

Solid Electrolytes. A protected Lithium anode is under development for both primary and secondary batteries that promise much larger capacities. This strategy is illustrated by the Li/seawater primary battery in which a Lithium anode is immersed in a nonaqueous electrolyte, the anolyte, that is separated from seawater contacting a cathode current collector by a Li -ion solid-electrolyte separator. The seawater acts as a liquid cathode. Except for contact with a negative post, the Lithium anode and its anolyte are sealed in a compartment containing a Li -ion solid-electrolyte wall that interfaces the seawater. The anolyte is chemically stable to both the Lithium and the solid electrolyte the solid electrolyte must not be reduced on contact with the Li anode. Moreover, eiflier the seal or the compartment must be compliant to allow for the change in volume of the Lithium on discharge. The seawater is not ccmtained in an open cell, it is contained within a battery in a closed cell. The LF ions from the anode react with water at the cathode current collector ... 

Small rechargeable Li-ion batteries are available that are best suited to power laptops, cell phones, and certain electronics devices with power requirements that are compatible with such batteries. These devices require more power than can be provided by the primary batteries or cells described in Section 8.4. Over the past 3 decades or so, a number of Li-ion rechargeable batteries using solid hthium anodes, liquid organic electrolyte, and cathodes consisting of multiple oxides were designed and developed. Some versions of Li-ion rechargeable batteries were discontinued because of safety and cycle-life problems. 

Lithium batteries use nonaqueous solvents for the electrolyte because of the reactivity of lithium in aqueous solutions. Organic solvents such as acetonitrile, propylene carbonate, and dimethoxyethane and inorganic solvents such as thionyl chloride are typically employed. A compatible solute is added to provide the necessary electrolyte conductivity. (Solid-state and molten-salt electrolytes are also used in some other primary and reserve lithium cells see Chaps. 15, 20, and 21.) Many different materials were considered for the active cathode material sulfur dioxide, manganese dioxide, iron disulfide, and carbon monofluoride are now in common use. The term lithium battery, therefore, applies to many different types of chemistries, each using lithium as the anode but differing in cathode material, electrolyte, and chemistry as well as in design and other physical and mechanical features. 

The most simple and efficient approach is based on gelation which is a simple method that allow a good compromise between the retention of the IL and its fluidity inside the polymeric network. These so called ion gels are simpler than solid polymer electrolytes and exhibit improved conductivities. In fact ion gels hold both the processability and mechanical properties of polymers, but with added physico-chemical properties and were primary developed as replacements for current solid-state polyelectrolytes in energy devices, such as dye-sensitized solar cells, supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries, and fuel cells. (Fernicola et al., 2006 Galinski et al., 2006 Le Bideau et al., 2011 Lu et al., 2002 Mazille et al., 2005 Stephan, 2006)... 

Honeywell have described their work on the development of an alternative electrolyte for a multi-cell lithium-sulphur dioxide resen e battery. In developing a multi-cell lithium reserve battery, the lithium bromide-sulphur dioxide acetonitrile electrolyte system used in their primary batteries was found to be unstable when stored by itself at high temperature - a functional capability required for all resen e applications. In addition to consumption of the oxidant sulphur dioxide in reactions causing instability, some of the products of electrolyte degradation arc solid, which would cause nrajor problems in activation. Primary active cells after storage do not undergo such degradation reactions. 

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