Compatible solutes

Kelly, D.J. and McDonald, J.W., Solution compatibility of Neoprene with elastomers and resins. Du Pont Elastomers Bulletin, October, 1963. 

An effective method of NVF chemical modification is graft copolymerization [34,35]. This reaction is initiated by free radicals of the cellulose molecule. The cellulose is treated with an aqueous solution with selected ions and is exposed to a high-energy radiation. Then, the cellulose molecule cracks and radicals are formed. Afterwards, the radical sites of the cellulose are treated with a suitable solution (compatible with the polymer matrix), for example vinyl monomer [35] acrylonitrile [34], methyl methacrylate [47], polystyrene [41]. The resulting copolymer possesses properties characteristic of both fibrous cellulose and grafted polymer. 

The overall design process depends on the use of codes of practice and specifications, and to an increasing extent on computer-based techniques. The potential cost of delay is therefore a strong incentive to the use of standard solutions, compatible with the codes of practice , and to develop ways of using the computer to provide corrosion information and knowledge, or to improve prediction of corrosion behaviour. Note that both points relate to the use of existing knowledge, in the sense of an important conclusion of the Hoar Report. ... 

Bowlus, R.D. Somero, G.N. (1979). Solute compatibility with enzyme function and structure rationales for the selection of osmotic agents and end products of anaerobic metabolism in marine invertebrates. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 208, 137-52. 

In all cases, alignment media will interact with the solute. The choice of alignment medium therefore is mainly determined by the solute compatibility with respect to charge, specific hydrophobic interactions or even chemical reactions if for example, radicals are stiU present in radically synthesized polymers. 

Fig. 5. WAXD spectra for (A) BB-loaded PSA, and (B) PNA-loaded PSA. (A) BB loading is (a) 0, (b) 15, (c) 30, and (d) 45. Note that as loading increases, the spectrum shows no change for the PSA crystallinity, but crystals of BB appear, indicating that the solute and polymer are immiscible. (B) PNA loading is (a) 0, (b) 5, (c) 10, and (d) 15. Note that there are no peaks corresponding to PNA as the loading increases, however, the polymer crystallinity decreases with increased loading, indicating polymer/solute compatibility. From Shen et al. (2001a). Reprinted with permission.

Ld = 1/A is the Debye length Table 3.1 shows values for several concentrations of a 1-1 electrolyte in an aqueous solution at room temperature. The solution compatible with the boundary condition oo) = 0 has the form 4>(x) = Aexp(—kx), where the constant A is fixed by the charge balance condition ... 

The major concerns that are general to the use of all capillary electrophoresis systems for the separation of proteins and their building-block components are (a) choosing columns (b) buffer solution compatibility with the system and (c) the selection of the hardware. 

Product in solution compatible over a wide pH range because it can be adjusted to pH 7. 

The user enters all known data on the solubility (aqueous and non-aqueous), stability in specified solutions, compatibility, pAia, and molecular properties of the active ingredient (molecular weight, log/, etc.). As with the system for tablet formulation, the data may be numerical or symbolic. All relevant properties of additives used in parenteral formulation (e.g., buffers, antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobials, and tonicity adjusters) are present in the knowledge base. 

Increasing the concentration of the weak nonsolvent poreformer, ethanol. In a casting solution containing CA and acetone Increases the porosity of the resultant membranes (Table VI). Because the poreformer Is a nonsolvent, solution compatibility decreases with Increasing ethanol concentration. As the concentration of ethanol Is Increased, the solution approaches the point of incipient gelation that is, the perimeter of the solubility envelope. 

In this paper, we extend the classical 2-dimensional Ostwald ripening model in the light of new theoretical developments, and present novel solutions, compatible with the experimental particle size distributions. A family of solutions is available for each limiting case studied, i.e. when sintering dynamics are controlled by either crystallite-support interface interaction or by the rate of diffusion of adatoms on the support. 

Parenteral formulations are often reconstituted or diluted in the clinic and hospital with standard solutions (e.g., 0.9% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose, and Ringer s solution). Compatibility with these diluents and administration sets, as well as in-use stability, should be evaluated. Co-administration of multiple drugs via a Y-site connection is common in hospitals. Precipitation, color change, decomposition or adsorption of the active drugs can occur. Turbidimetric and particulate measurements are often used for the evaluation of solution physical stability in addition to visual inspection [65]. 

Polymeric semiconductors have many attractive features for thin-film transistor (TFT) fabrication. Solution viscosity can be widely tuned (increased) by (increasing) molecular weight opening up the possibility to formulate solutions compatible with high viscosity printing techniques such as gravure... 

The resin is modified with a silane to present a silanol surface to the mineral adherend. Chemical reaction of silane with resin is preferred, although solution compatibility may be sufficient with certain thermoplastics. 

Comments Resistant to DMSO Compatible with various aqueous solutions Compatible with various aqueous solutions For hydrophobic solutions, alcoholic solutions... 

The main objectives of this project were (a) to define the basic conditions for a regional strategy for managing spent fuel that will provide solutions compatible with the economic and technological realities of the countries involved and (b) to determine what is needed for the temporary wet and dry storage of spent fuel from the research reactors in the countries of the Latin American region that participated in the project. 

Existing tokamak fusion reactor designs with magnetic divertors have therefore exclusively poloidal field or multipole divertors. But using versions with multipoles installed inside, as in ASDEX, it has not yet been possible to find a feasible solution compatible with reactor access, manufacture and service requirements. 

Mild to the skin. Foam builder, thickener and emollient. Excellent foam stability in hard water, acidic and alkaline solutions. Compatible with nonionic, anionic and most cationic surfactants. 

Graft copolymerization is the most effective method utilized in the chemical modification of natural fibers. According to Gassan et al. [99], the reaction is initiated by free radicals on the fiber surface. Ionization polymerization of fibers is carried out in an aqueous solution, followed by exposure to a high-energy radiation. Fiber molecule cracks and radicals are subsequently formed. Next, the radical sites of the fiber are treated with a suitable solution compatible with a polymer such as vinyl monomer, acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, or polystyrene. Finally, this leads to the formation of a graft copolymer, which possesses fiber and graft polymer characteristics. 

Seven minimum age constraints were enforced during all divergence time analyses. A minimum age constraint establishes a minimum permitted age for the constrained node during the analyses, forcing our analyses to consider only solutions compatible with the enforced constraint. Six of the seven constraints enforced concern tracheophyte relationships ... 

---