Pricing - chemicals

The same disadvantages with heavy hydrocarbons in the feed as other physical solvents High priced chemicals and process royalty, but losses are low and the licensee receives many engineering services."... 

Hesse justified his rejection of these dyes of customarily low quality by pointing out that several German firms were offering, at premium prices, chemically pure grades of at least two of the intermediates used in preparation of the permitted colors, paranitroanilinie and betanapthol. Thus, a high quality product was technically feasible (31). 

Rigid PVC is appreciated for its rigidity at room temperature, low price, chemical resistance except to certain solvents, dimensional stability, easy welding and joining, resistance to weathering for well-optimized compounds, possibility of transparency, food contact, fireproofing. 

Commodity Prices , Chemical Marketing Reporter, 8 September (1986). 

Mechanically agitated gas-liquid reactors are widely used in laboratories, although their use in large-scale operations is somewhat limited due to the required energy cost of mixing. Large-scale operations are possible in the production of fine chemicals, pharmaceutical products, or high-priced chemicals. 

Chemical Prices, Chemical Market Reporter New York). 246(26), 26—33, June (1995). 

Added to the problem of pressure on prices caused by various competitive factors, including overcapacity, is the fact of rising costs. Figure 2 shows by index, the relationship of chemical prices, chemical equipment, and weekly earnings of chemical production workers. 

While the Italian industry produced 4.4% of the total world production of chemicals, the percentage of high-priced ones was much lower e.g., for pharmaceutical products it was only 2.8%. Italian industry was producing much more low-priced than high-priced chemicals, which is a very poor policy for a country like Italy which has practically no raw materials. 

Foreign capital was heavily present in the Italian chemical industry, particularly in that area producing high-priced chemicals 100% of the the Italian photographic industry was owned by foreign firms. 

The use of microemulsions in the context of washing and cleaning was recently reviewed [1]. There seem to be no reasons to believe that any fundamental new impact is needed in this area from a physicochemical point of view. Large-scale applications in the area of soil remediation can be expected in the near future. In this context it will be essential to estimate microemulsion formation, price, chemical performance, and mechanisms of retention (adsorption) on the solid material when designing these kinds of washing systems. Microemulsions for use in soil remediation have been summarized by Miller and coworkers [12,13] and Schwuger and coworkers [14,15]. 

Usually, for the production of small quantities of high-priced chemicals, such as in th manufacture of pharmaceuticals, foods, electronic materials, and specialty chemicals, batch fed-batch, and batch-product removal processes are preferred. This is often the case in bio processing, for example, when drugs are synthesized in a series of chemical reactions, eacl having small yields, and requiring difficult separations to recover small amounts of product This is also the case for banquet facilities in hotels, which prepare foods in batches, and fo many unit operations in the manufacture of semiconductors. As discussed in Chapters 3 am 4, these processes usually involve a recipe, that is, a sequence of tasks, to be carried out h various items of equipment. In the latter sections of this chapter, variations on batch proces schedules are discussed, as well as methods for optimizing the schedules. 

The expected market price, chemical kinetics and VLE data, and utility costs will be supplied at a later date. Where VLE data are lacking you may use the UNIFAC correlation. Your company has access to ASPEN PLUS which has a reactive distillation subroutine (RADFRAC). 

Consumption of chlorine-based compounds, however, is depressed (to 2.1% a year) by environmental concerns, but interest in reducing smoke obscuration and corrosion favours use of phosphorus-based compounds. Other FRs (mainly boron-, molybdenum-, and nitrogen-based compounds) will continue to find markets as synergists and partial replacements for higher-priced chemicals. Magnesium hydroxide is attracting interest. 

Therefore, the direct synthesis of cyclic carbonates from olefins instead of epoxides, a so-called one-pot "oxidative carboxylation" of olefins, would be appealing. The oxidative carboxylation synthesis from olefins can be roughly viewed as the coupling of two sequential processes of epoxidation of olefins and CO2 cycloaddition to epoxides formed (Scheme 18). The reaction uses easily available and low-priced chemicals of olefins as substrates and, moreover, preliminary synthesis and separation of epoxides would be avoided. So, the oxidative carboxylation would be a simpler and cheaper carbonate synthesis process with industrial potential from environmental and economic points of view. Although the three-component couplings have been known at least since 1%2 [66], up to date, only a few works have been made on these reactions in contrast to extensive studies on the addition reactions of CO2 to epoxides in ILs as catalyst/or solvent. 

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