Competition factor

A term, competitiveness factor (C.F.), was defined as the percent of CjH reacted to reduce N2, assuming the following reactions ... 

Overall, the organization needs to project the expected returns from such an investment and assess the competitive factors and barriers, including government regulations, before deciding which drug to develop. 

Competitive factors. Patent protection, trade secrets, orphan drug status. Emerging competition from abroad. 

The scattering pattern contains additional information about the scattering process itself as well as for the determination of material parameters. We will demonstrate in the following, that both the angular dependence of the holographic gain and the product of the effective linear electro-optic coefficient with the electron-hole competition factor as well as the effective trap density can be determined from the spatial distribution of the scattering pattern as a function of temperature [7],... 

Competition Factors, a, for Phenyl- and p-Methoxyphenyl-stabilised Vinyl Cations R1 XC=CR2 R3... 

Commoditization The process whereby a good or service is deemed essentially the same by consumers, leading to price being almost the exclusive competitive factor. 

In addition to its study of the paper consumption and raw materials outlook, the TNT Committee considered other external factors that could alter future paper operations. Two significant predictions were (1) Competitive factors will limit any cost-saving adjustments in paper quality and could even force higher standards and (2) Barring a major technological breakthrough, the real cost of paper will increase (4). 

Competitiveness in this paper is described from the investors point of view as the relation of annual cost of two possible applications using different technologies but providing the same service. For easy comparison between a variety of applications a "competitiveness factor CF is introduced using the relation ... 

In Table 7 results are given for the applications selected and specified before. The relation between overall cost of the biomass application and the cost of the conventional alternative gives the competitiveness factor CF as described in the chapter Approach . 

Table 7 Results of the calculation of the competitiveness factor CF for the selected and specified biomass applications (figures rounded).

The size or scale of operation of a chemical processing unit is an important competitive factor since, as a general rule, a large-scale plant operating at full capacity can make a product at a lower per unit cost. This is the so-called economy of scale factor. How does this lower cost product from a larger plant arise First, the labor cost per unit of product is lower for a very large plant than for a small one. This is because proportionally fewer staff are required per unit of product to run a 1,000 tonne/day plant than, say, a 100 tonne/day plant. Secondly, the capital cost of the plant per unit of product is lower, if the plant is operating at full capacity. 

Likewise, once the initial screening of ADHs was performed, we took a closer look at the catalytic properties of the new ADH. We selected two secondary alcohols as substrates for the enzymatic oxidation and measured the rate of NADH formation for both enantiomers individually, so the enantiodiscrimination of the enzyme could be estimated. While this is not a true enantioselectivity value since the competition factor between enantiomers has been eliminated by making separate reactions for each isomer instead of the racemic mixture, it gives an estimate and allows a quick identification of highly selective enzymes. Table 5 shows the results of this screening. Most of the enzymes found were selective for the S-alcohol isomer, except AD99, which shows reversed selectivity towards the 7 -alcohol. 

Added to the problem of pressure on prices caused by various competitive factors, including overcapacity, is the fact of rising costs. Figure 2 shows by index, the relationship of chemical prices, chemical equipment, and weekly earnings of chemical production workers. 

Still other competitive factors associated with maternal behavior or exposure to toxins can cause similar disruptions to fetal development as well, such as... 

For supported tin oxide catalysts, the influence of the support on the reducibility and the acid-base properties [145] has already been discussed above (see Figure 12), This study has also evidenced the primordial influence of the support on the activity and selectivity of the Sn02 surfaces in the reduction of NO by C2H4, A direct relationship between reducibility mid catalytic activity has been observed, as illustrated in Figure 14, which represents the competitiveness factor versus the temperature of the reduction peak maximum as determined by TPR, using scanning heat flow calorimetry. 

Figure 14. Competitiveness factor in deNOx versus temperature of the reduction peak maximum [145],...

The third set of causal factors is only indirectly related to the events and conditions, but these indirect factors are critical in fully understanding why the accident occurred and thus how to prevent future accidents. In this case, the systemic factors include the owner of the ferry (Townsend Thoresen) needing ships that were designed to permit fast loading and unloading and quick acceleration in order to remain competitive in the ferry business, and pressure by company management on the captain and first officer to strictly adhere to schedules, also related to competitive factors. 

Trachte and DiBenedetto, 1971 Wambach et ai, 1968). Since PPO is much more ductile at 25 C than the epoxy resins mentioned, the effects of filler and adhesion promoter on PPO should tend to resemble the effects on an epoxy resin in a ductile state (e.g., at 130°C). Indeed this is the case. The point is that a filler tends to increase surface roughness and hence y in an otherwise brittle matrix, especially if the filler-matrix adhesion is poor, but tends to inhibit plastic deformation (by constraints or by simple volume replacement) in an otherwise ductile matrix. Such effects are not accounted for in Nielsen s simple treatment (Section 12.1.2.3) and conceivably may occur as competitive mechanisms (see Figure 12.20). A useful summary of such competitive factors is given in Table 12.3 for the glass-bead-epoxy systems (DiBenedetto and Wambach, 1972) the discussion should be relevant to other cases as well. 

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