Nitrogen-based compounds

An antimetabolite interferes with the normal cellular metabolites. For instance, it can act as an inhibitor of one or more enzymes whose substrates are metabolites. Others are incorporated into macromolecules instead of the metabolites. Development of antimetabolites exhibiting anti-cancer activity met with the greatest success for analogues of metabolites involved in the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and of cofactors containing nitrogenous bases. Compounds such as 5-fluorouracyl and methotrexate are remarkably effective against human cancers, even though they feature host toxicity. 

Nitrates, produced from ammonia or urea, include a variety of nitrogen-based compounds used to make fertilizers, pesticides, and explosives, and they are highly... 

Nitrogen balance is determined by how well the amount of dietary nitrogen-based compounds (principally proteins) matches the nitrogen needs of the body. 

Alkaloids are nitrogen-based compounds frequently found in plants. Plant alkaloids that are used in treating cancer in humans include traditional agents, such as vincristine and vinblastine, and newer agents, such as vinorelbine, paclitaxel, and docetaxel (Table 36-4). These agents are also known as antimitotic drugs be-... 

RNA, ribonucleic acid, consists of ribose and one of four nitrogen based compounds. 

Fungicides causing environmental pressure are chlorine-containing dithiocarbamate-based and heterocyclic nitrogen-based compounds, and include maneb, metiram, and thioram for apples, and ziram, folpet, maneb, and thiram for stone fruit use. Regulations in the United States have discontinued use of prochloraz, mancozeb, and maneb for barley, oat, rye, and wheat crops. 

The chemistry of flame-retardant additives is highly varied and is optimised not only for specific polymer chemistries, but also to address flammability effects such as flame spread, dripping, smoke release and so on. Flame-retardant chemistry includes classes of compounds such as halogenated organics, char formers, crosslinking compounds, mineral fillers, intumescent packages, phosphorus compounds, nitrogen-based compounds and even certain metal and boron compounds. 

The valence states of most inorganic compounds can be changed by either cathodic reduction or anodic oxidation. Thus in principle appropriate species can be either recycled electrochemically or converted to less toxic and environmentally acceptable forms. Sulphur and nitrogen based compounds are thus typically encountered. For example the reduction of nitrates and nitrites and the oxidation of sulphur compounds, such as sulphite, thiosulphate and dithionite, can be carried out quite effectively. There are several established technologies for cyanide and chromium species. 

Consumption of chlorine-based compounds, however, is depressed (to 2.1% a year) by environmental concerns, but interest in reducing smoke obscuration and corrosion favours use of phosphorus-based compounds. Other FRs (mainly boron-, molybdenum-, and nitrogen-based compounds) will continue to find markets as synergists and partial replacements for higher-priced chemicals. Magnesium hydroxide is attracting interest. 

Carbamate compound - 42 Carboxin (5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-3-carboxanilide 130,134,135, 136 Cationic nitrogen based compounds -38... 

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