Prefix-root-suffix naming

Put the complete compound name together in this general form prefix + root + suffix. The name of the compound is 2-methyl + pent + ane = 2-methylpentane. 

The names of alkenes follow the same format as the names of alkanes prefix + root + suffix. The prefixes and the steps for locating and identifying branches are the same, too. The greatest difference involves the double bond. The suffix -ene immediately tells you that a compound has at least one double bond. The rest of the necessary information—the location of the double bond, and the number of carbon atoms in the main chain—is communicated in the root. Follow the steps below to find out how to name the compound in Figure 13.20. 

Use the formula prefix + root + suffix to put the name together. The full name of this compound is 2-ethyl-1-butene. Remember that a hyphen is placed between numbers and letters, and commas are placed between consecutive numbers. 

Example 1 You can still use the general formula prefix + root + suffix. In Figure 13.27, there are only single carbon-carbon bonds. There are also five corners (carbon atoms) in the ring, which is the main chain. Since there are no branches, the name of this compound is cyclopentane. Notice the addition of cyclo- to indicate the ring structure. 

Step 5 Put the name together prefix -i- root + suffix. 

There are also certain clues to understanding the verbal language of chemistry. Obviously, when you see the names of certain elements or roots of the names in a compound, you can tell that those elements are contained in the compound. Thus if you see the phrase sodium chloride, you know that it refers to a compound containing the elements sodium and chlorine. There are also a number of common prefixes and suffixes used in the language of chemistry that tell you about the composition of a compound. The suffix ide, for example, means simply in combination with. Sodium chloride then is simply sodium in combination with chlorine. The suffix ate, however, indicates the presence of oxygen as well. Thus potassium chlorate must consist not only of potassium and chlorine, but also of oxygen. 

Name binary inorganic covalent compounds by using prefixes, roots, and suffixes. 

Naming binary acids A binary acid contains hydrogen and one other element. When naming a binary acid, use the prefix hydro- to name the hydrogen part of the compound. The rest of the name consists of a form of the root of the second element plus the suffix -ic, followed by the word acid. For example, HBr in a water solution is called hydrobromic acid. 

More than one million organic compounds have been discovered and created, and thousands of new ones are synthesized in laboratories every year. To keep track of all these carbon-containing molecules, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or lUPAC, devised a special naming system (a nomenclature) for organic compounds. As shown here, different parts of an organic compound s name-its root, suffix, or prefix-give information about its size and structure. 

The suffix labels the functional group whose presence places the molecule into the appropriate class of chemical compounds. In this scheme the saturated hydrocarbons, the alkanes have the suffix -ane. For naming isomers, the system is more complicated and includes additional rules. Since the molecules of isomers are branched, the root name must correspond to the longest chain. The sidechains are treated as additional groups called substituents. In the final name of the structure, the substituents are introduced as prefixes to the root. The names of substituents are formed following the same rules as in the case of simple alkanes, i.e. the number of C-atoms followed by the suffix -yl. 

Many hydrogen compounds are acids. Acids require a different system of nomenclature than other compounds. There are two types of acids binary acids and ternary acids. All acids include the word acid in their name. Binary acids contain only two elements one of which is hydrogen and the other a nonmetal. When naming binary acids, the prefix hydro- appears before the root name of the nonmetal, and there will be an -ic suffix. As an acid, H2S would be hydrosulfuric acid. We used H2S to illustrate the fact that there can be two possible names, hydrogen sulfide or hydrosulfuric acid. If your instructor does not specify which name to use, either is correct. Technically, the name hydrosulfuric acid only applies to aqueous solutions of H2S, H2S(aq). 

Step 3 Add a position number before the root of the name to indicate the location of the —OH group. (Remember to number the main chain of the hydrocarbon so that the hydroxyl group has the lowest possible position number.) If there is more than one —OH group, leave the -e in the name of the parent alkane, and put the appropriate prefix (di-, tri-, or tetra-) before the suffix -ol. 

Names are constructed by joining other units to these base components. Affixes are syllables or numbers added to words or roots and they can be suffixes, prefixes, or infixes, according to whether they are placed after, before, or within a word or root. Representative examples are listed in [Table 1-1], together with their meanings. 

For more complex amines, systematic nomenclature is employed. Such names are constructed in a manner very similar to that employed to name alcohols. The largest chain attached to the nitrogen is chosen as the root, numbered so that the carbon attached to the nitrogen has the lower number, and the suffix -amine is attached. Other groups that are attached to the nitrogen are given the prefix N-. 

The name of this alkane has a prefix (2-methyl-) as well as a root and a suffix. Many of the hydrocarbons you will name from now on have a prefix. 

Do not use hyphens to separate the syllables of a chemical name unless the name is too long to fit on one line. Appendix 12-1 is a list of prefixes, suffixes, roots, and some complete words hyphenated as they would be at the end of a line. 

The oxyanion with the greatest number of oxygen atoms is named using the prefix per-, the root of the nonmetal, and the suffix -ate. 

The naming precedence for the functional groups is based on the most oxidized, as shown in the table below. The prefix identifies the position and groups attached to the root chain. The suffix identifies the functional group. Numbering is from the end of the root chain that gives the functional group the lowest number. 

Chemical formulas describe the simplest atom ratio (empirical formula), actual atom number (molecular formula), and atom arrangement (structural formula) of one unit of a compound. An ionic compound is named with cation first and anion second. For metals that can form more than one ion, the charge is shown with a Roman numeral. Oxoanions have suffixes, and sometimes prefixes, attached to the element root name to indicate the number of oxygen atoms. Names of hydrates give the number of associated water molecules with a numerical prefix. Acid names are based on anion names. Covalent compounds have the first word of the name for the element that is leftmost or lower down in the periodic table, and prefixes show the number of each atom. The molecular (or formula) mass of a compound is the sum of the atomic masses in the formula. Molecules are depicted by various types of formulas and models. 

For example, in the name 2-methylbutane, 2-methyl- is the prefix (a one-carbon branch is attached to C-2 of the main chain), -but- is the root (the main chain has four C atoms), and -ane is the suffix (the compound is an alkane). 

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