Potentially allergenic substances

Oral mucositis with ulceration caused by propolis has been reported in an HIV-negative man (3). Infectious stomatitis is common in HIV-positive patients. Therefore, the first approach is usually the administration of antiviral therapy, antimycotic therapy, or both. However, other causes, such as contact allergy, should be suspected if the patient is exposed to a potentially allergenic substance. 

Other compounds that are permitted but can still cause health problems and must be declared on the label have a special analytical interest. For instance. Table 2 shows 26 potentially allergenic substances whose presence in the formulation has to be advertised according to legislation. Of these 26 substances, two are natural extracts (oak moss and tree moss), and the rest are volatile chemicals. Recently, the IFRA has developed an analytical procedure that allows the determination of these 24 volatile chemicals using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). 

Analytical chemistry essential oil fragrances musks perfume phthalates potentially allergenic substances quality control... 

Nevertheless, in 2003, the 2003/15/EC Directive [6] listed 26 fragrances classified as potentially allergenic substances (PASs). Since then, any cosmetic product containing any of these 26 substances have to declare its presence in the label when present at a higher concentration than 10 pg in those products to remain on... 

As mentioned before, 26 substances were declared as potentially allergenic substances (PASs) by the European regulation [6]. Of these 26 substances, listed in Table 107.1, 24 are chemically defined volatile compounds, whereas the other two are natural moss extracts, thus not defined chemicals, but a natural mixture of many of them. 

Table 107.1 List of the 26 potentially allergenic substances according to the European regulation...

P. columbina, 2886 P. tenera (Pyropia tenera), 2887 Portal vein thrombosis, 1387 Portisins, 1787 Posaconazole, 1277 Postharvest processes, 2318 Post-harvest treatment, 1601 Post-hyperpolarization, 4097 Postmenopausal, 2408, 2419, 3708 Post-menopausal women, 2448 Postmortem toxicology, 1111 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD), 1471 Potassium channels, 41, 2365, 3996 Potentially allergenic substances (PASs), 3293 Potocytosis, 2471 Pour-ons, 4072, 4074, 4076 PPAR. See Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)... 

Some fragrance ingredients have been determined in perfumes or other cosmetics. The most commonly smdied are the potentially allergenic substances recently classified by the EU Cosmetics Directive. 

Buccal tissue is a robust tissue owing to its continuous exposure to a multitude of substances and its high cellular turnover rate.92 93 The absence of Langerhans cells in the oral mucosal tissues reduces sensitivity to potential allergens.94,95 Hence irritation and hypersensitivity reactions due to drugs and their formulation excipients may be minimal in the short term as well as chronic treatment by this route. 

Amines are not only toxic themselves, but can change in toxic V-nitrosamines, potentially carcinogenic substances giving a wide variety of tumors in many animals, or form adducts with proteins and DNA." Most analyzed amines are allergens. Many others, including heterocyclic amines, have been proved to be mutagenic and carcinogenic. Many of these compounds have been isolated and identified not only from various proteinaceous foods, such as cooked meats and fish, but also from environmental components, such as outdoor air, indoor air, diesel-exhaust particles,... 

A final but very important point has to be mentioned. Commercial drugs contain, beside the active component several chemicals, such as coloring agents, antioxidants, and stabilizing substances which might also be potential allergens. 

The public, informed by media and various institutions, can profit from in-depth, scientifically evaluated data on the health impact of various potential allergens, e.g., in cosmetics, toiletries and other every-day products. This may also include the information that a certain substance has not been found to be a serious hazard. 

The proper test concentration and the best vehicle for all the chemical substances should be estimated carefully on the basis of the information on toxicity and the composition of the material available. In addition, one should check which of the individual chemical components are available from the suppliers as patch-test substances, because one may rely on their choice of vehicle and concentration and these substances, if available, should be included in the test battery of the patient. It is helpful to use selected test series related to a specific type of product aimed to be tested, e.g., metal-working series for metal-working fluids. Several reports provide useful information on the concentrations and vehicles to be used (Fregert 1981 De Groot 1994 Guin 1995 Niklasson 1995 Rietschel and Fowler 1995). The test concentration for the chemical substance should not exceed the previously recommended test concentration for any of the components. This may, however, lead to the risk of the over dilution of potential allergens, especially when the responsible ingredient is present in a low concentration or appears as a contaminant in the product. 

Determination of the Potentially Allergenic Fragrance-Related Substances. 3295... 

Quality control of both, commercial perfumes and raw materials, is important for perfume manufacturers to assure that the finished perfume is the one that was formulated. On the other hand, analytical methods are necessary to assure, for safety purposes, that there are no undesired or banned compounds present in the finished product. Methods for perfume analysis are compiled and revised with special emphasis on the potentially allergenic fragrance-related substances and some other groups of substances such as musks and phthalates, being some of them restricted or forbidden. 

Chaintreau A (2007) Analytical methods to determine potentially allergenic fragrance-related substances in cosmetics. In Salvador A, Chisvert A (eds) Analysis of cosmetic products. 

More than 1000 species of Frullania are known in the world. Mitchell et al. (255) reported that F. riparia, F. kunzei, F. eboracensis, F. franciscana, F. inflata and F. bolanderi induced allergy. However, the active substances have not been isolated. Twenty-five Frullania species have been chemically analyzed and potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones have been found... 

In the event of perfume and aromatic compositions and their raw materials, they have to be referred to by the word perfume or aroma. However, the presence of aromatic substances, for which there is a special mention according to Annex III of the EU Cosmetics Directive, must be declared in the labelling list irrespective of their function in the product. This is the case of the 26 potentially allergenic fragrance compounds, which according to the above mentioned annex must be indicated when their content in the finished product is higher than 0.001% in leave-on products and 0.01% in rinse-off products. 

A specific case concerns the 26 potentially allergenic fragrance ingredients hsted in EU Cosmetics Directive Annex III these substances must be shown on the ingredient list on the label if their content in the final product exceeds 0.001% in leave-on cosmetics and 0.01% in rinse-off cosmetics. 

However, according to theEU Cosmetics Directive (Council Directive 76/768/EEC), in the event of perfume and aromalic compositions and their raw materials, all together they can be referred to under the word peifime" or aroma". However, the presence of any of the 26 aromatic substances declared as potentially allergenic fragrance substances imder Annex III of the EU Cosmetics Directive must be declared on the cosmetic labelling list (see Section 6.2). 

However, there are no official analytical methods focusing on the determination of these substances in cosmetics, which could be used to monitor them, except the method published by the IFRA focusing in the determination of the 24 potentially allergenic chemicals declared by the EU Cosmetics Directive. Nevertheless, different methods can be found in scientific literatnre focnsing on this topic, but they obviously do not cover all the fragrance chemicals involved in cosmetic manufacture, which are in thonsands. However, researchers shonld be enconraged to develop methods to control almost all those fragrance chemicals that have been shown to pose a safety hazard. 

Analytical Methods to Determine Potentially Allergenic Fragrance-Related Substances in Cosmetics... 

Other compounds, not hsted in the EU Cosmetics Directive hst of the 24 potentially allergenic fragrance-related substances. 

Analytical Methods to Detennine Potentially Allergenic Fragrance-Related Substances 271... 

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