Musk fragrances

Musk fragrances Musk odor Musk Oil Muskol MuskTibetine [145-39-1] Muslin Mussels Mustard... 

Temes TA, Bonerz M, Herrmann N, Teiser B, Andersen HR (2007) Irrigation of treated wastewater in Braunschweig, Germany an option to remove pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances. Chemosphere 66 894-904... 

Stuer et al. [46] evaluated the presence of the 25 most used pharmaceuticals in the primary health sector in Denmark (e.g., paracetamol, acetyl salicylic acid, diazepam, and ibuprofen). They compared PECs with experimental determinations and they conclude that measured concentrations were in general within a factor of 2-5 of PECs. Carballa et al. [45] also determined PECs for pharmaceuticals (17), musk fragrances (2) and hormones (2) in sewage sludge matrix. For that purpose they used three different approaches (1) extrapolation of the per capita use in Europe to the number of Spanish inhabitants for musk fragrances (2) annual prescription items multiplied by the average daily dose for pharmaceuticals and (3) excretion rates of different groups of population for hormones. They indicated that these PECs fitted with the measured values for half of them (carbamazepine, diazepam, ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, roxithromycin, erythromycin, and 17a-ethiny I e strad iol). 

Singlet oxygen reacts with electron rich or highly strained alkenes to form 1,2-dioxetanes. These four-membered ring peroxides decompose on warming to two carbonyl compounds (or moieties), usually with appearance of light emission (chemiluminescence). The macrocyclic bis-lactone in (6.17)608>, a musk fragrance, has been synthesized via such a sequence. 

Gatermann, R. Siselli, S. Huhnerfuss, H. Rimkus, G. G. Hecker, M. Karbe, L. 2002, Synthetic musks in the environment. Part 1 Species-dependent bioaccumulation of polycyclic and nitro musk fragrances in freshwater fish and mussels. Arch. Environ. Con. Tox. 42 437 46. 

Temes TA, Stiiber J, Herrmann N, McDowell D, Ried A, Kampmann M, Teiser B (2003) Ozonation a tool for removal of pharmaceuticals, contrast media and musk fragrances from wastewater Water Res 37 1976-1982... 

Fromme H, Lahrz T, Ffiloty M, Gebhart H, Oddoy A, Ruden H (2004) Occurrence of phthalates and musk fragrances in indoor air and dust from apartments and kindergartens in Berlin (Germany). Indoor Air 14 188-195... 

Zhang X, Liang G, Zeng X, Zhou J, Sheng G, Fu J (2011) Levels of synthetic musk fragrances in human milk from three cities in the Yangtze River Delta in Eastern China. J Environ Sci 23 983-990... 

Rimkus GG (1999) Polycyclic musk fragrances in the aquatic environment. Toxicol Lett 111 37-56... 

Reiner JL, Wong CM, Arcaro KF, Kannan K (2007) Synthetic musk fragrances in human milk from the United States. Environ Sci Technol 41 3815-3820... 

Origin of musk fragrance activity the Electron-opological approach. New J. Chem. 15, 307-320. 

Polycyclic musk fragrances (PMFs) are a major class of compounds. More than 5000 tons of polycyclic musks are synthesized worldwide annually (Kannan et al., 2005). HHCB and AHTN are two of the most frequendy used PMFs worldwide. They are semi-volatile compounds with a log of 5.4—6.3 (Ricking et al., 2003). They am poorly... 

TABLE 2.2 Polycylic Musk Fragrances and Nitro Musks Detected in Various Waters in Canada and Sweden... 

Gatermann R., S. Biselli, H. Huhnerfuss, G.G. Rimkus, M. Hecker, and L. Karbe (2002). Synthetic musks in the environment. Part 1 Species-dependent hioaccumulation of polycyclic and nitro musk fragrances in fi eshwater flsh and mussels. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42 437-446. 

Nakata H. (2005). Occurrence of synthetic musk fragrances in marine mammals and sharks from Japanese coastal waters. Environmental Science and Technology 39 3430-3434. 

Peck A.M. and K.C. Hombuckle (2004). S3mthetic musk fragrances in Lake Michigan. Environmental Science and Technology 38 367-372. 

Ritnkus G.G. and M. Wolf (1996). Polycyclic musk fragrances in human adipose tissue and human milk. Chemosphere 33 2033-2043. 

Similarity between odors arises because dissimilar substances or mixtures of compounds may interact with receptors to create similar sensory impressions in the sensory centers of the brain. The group of musk fragrances (comprising macro-cyclic ketones and esters as well as aromatic nitro compounds and polycyclic aromatics) are, for example, compounds with similar odors but totally different structures [5, 6]. Small changes in structure (e.g., the introduction of one or more double bonds in aliphatic alcohols or aldehydes) may, however, alter a sensory... 

Ketones are most widely represented and include cyclopentanone derivatives, such as the jasmin fragrance substances, and cyclic ketones with 15-17-membered carbon rings, such as muscone and civetone, which are constituents of the extremely expensive animal products, musk and civet. Cyclopentadecanone, a natural musk fragrance, and the unsaturated 5-cyclohexadecen-l-one, which has not yet been found in nature, have odor characteristics similar to those of muscone and civetone and are more easily synthesized. They are, therefore, often used as substitutes. 

The aromatic ketones that occur or are used as fragrance and flavor materials are predominantly aryl methyl ketones, which include acetophenones and /3-naphthyl methyl ketone. Several acetylpolymethylindanes and -tetralins are commercially important as musk fragrances. 

C17H24O, Mr 244.38, mp 35 °C, is a synthetic musk fragrance. It is prepared by Friedel-Crafts acetylation of 1,1,2,3,3,5-hexamethylindane, which can be obtained as a 70 30 mixture with l,l,3,5-tetramethyl-3-ethylindane by reacting a,p-dimethyl-styrene with amylenes or 2-methyl-2-butanol in a mixture of acetic acid and concentrated sulfuric acid [155] ... 

The indane ketone is a musk fragrance that is stable to light and in soap. It is used in perfumes and cosmetics for its fixative properties as well as its fragrance. FCT 1975 (13) p.693. 

C17H24O, Mr 244.38, mp 76.7-77.2 °C, is a musk fragrance that does not occur in nature. It is prepared by reacting tert-butylbenzene with isoprene in the presence of sulfuric acid, followed by acetylation of the resulting 1,1-dimethyl-6-tert-butylindane [156] ... 

The product is a light-stable, versatile musk fragrance that is used in soap and cosmetics. 

Except for some of the above-mentioned compounds, only a few other cyclic ethers are important, for instance, 4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-l,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-penta[g]benzopyran, a musk fragrance that is used in large amounts. 

The compound is used in perfumery as a musk fragrance, but is not as long-lasting as the following homologous compound, ethylene brassylate. 

Scheme 23.18 a De novo biosynthesis of coconut-like 6-pentyl-a-pyrone by Trichoderma sp. b Production of macrocyclic musk-like lactones by a combination of microbial co-hydroxylations and co-l-hydroxylations and subsequent chemical conversion steps, c Production of macrocyclic musk fragrances initiated by terminal oxidation of hydrocarbons with Candida tropicalis... 

Designing for Biodegradation I Musk Fragrances Case Study... 

Although the musk fragrances and biocides often are released to the aquatic environment, many of them may be transported to other media, including the atmosphere. As discussed above, the processes in the atmosphere are all chemical degradation processes and the ability for a chemical to reach the atmosphere will depend on the Henry s law constant (Hc). In addition, some of these products may be susceptible to chemical hydrolysis. Table 16.5 lists the musk fragrances and biocide compounds along with the Henry s law constant estimated by EPISuite... 

Environmental Chemistry (ed. G.G. Rimkus), Vol. 3 Part X, Synthetic Musk Fragrances in the Environment, Springer-Berlin, pp. 233-244. 

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