Potassium description

Description of Method. Salt substitutes, which are used in place of table salt for individuals on a low-sodium diet, contain KCI. Depending on the brand, fumaric acid, calcium hydrogen phosphate, or potassium tartrate also may be present. Typically, the concentration of sodium in a salt substitute is about 100 ppm. The concentration of sodium is easily determined by flame atomic emission. Because it is difficult to match the matrix of the standards to that of the sample, the analysis is accomplished by the method of standard additions. 

No toxicological studies have been reported on the triple salt. However, because of the common confusion of this compound with potassium hydrogen monoperoxosulfate monohydrate, it is possible that the pubHshed descriptions of the toxic properties of this latter compound actually refer to the triple salt. If this is so, then the triple salt must be regarded as toxic and irritating to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes (2). 

Potassium hydrogen monoperoxosulfate monohydrate [14696-73-2] KHSO 20, related to the triple salt, is not made commercially. The crystal stmcture has been determined and some features of its Raman and ir spectra recorded (69). This compound is more stable under x-rays than the triple salt. The 0—0 distance is 0.1460 nm. The dihedral angle of the 0—0 moiety is about 90°, similar to that ia soHd hydrogea peroxide. This compouad is reported as toxic and irritating to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes (2). Although undoubtedly correct, this description probably better relates to the triple salt. 

The solid disulfide reacts explosively with chlorine or bromine. At low temperatures in certain non-aqueous solvents, e.g. chloroform, CISCSN3 and BrSCSN3 are probably formed, but the extreme instability of these compounds has precluded their exact analysis and description. However, the reaction between cyanogen bromide and the potassium salt of the thiol yields the well-defined cyanide NCSCSN3,... 

Consider the elements oxygen, fluorine, argon, sulfur, potassium, and strontium. From this group of elements, which ones fit the descriptions below ... 

Thus we have Example 5 from Table 4.1. Equation 4 gives a better description of the overall reaction, but equation 5 highlights the essential chemical process, and can also stand for the parallel reactions where sodium chloride is replaced by potassium chloride, or at r other soluble chloride. The chemistiy student is expected to appreciate how both equations 4 and 5 can represent the same chemical processes. 

Section 3.2 begins with pfCj definitions and a brief description of the state-of-the-art pfCj measurement methods, stressing the needed accuracy, especially with molecules which possess very low aqueous solubility. In a prachcal way, the ioniza-hon constant is treated as a property of the molecule, usually defined at 25 °C in a nonbuffered medium of 0.15 M potassium (or sodium) chloride aqueous... 

As follows from the results obtained, numerous parameters influence the quality of precipitates, vs raw materials used (such as, manganese sulphate, nitrate, chloride) pH of initial and final solutions the excess of the oxidant the type of a neutralizing agent (lithium, sodium, potassium hydroxide) the washing method, and pH of leachates. More detailed description of the synthetic routine will be published elsewhere. 

Due to the presence of low-temperature desorption peak a new desorption site was included to phenomenological model of TPD experiments previously used for the description of the Cu-Na-FER samples [5], The fit of experimental TPD curves was performed in order to obtain adsorption energies and populations for individual site types sites denoted A (A1 pair), B (sites in P channel (A1 at T1 or T2)), C (sites in the M channel and intersection (A1 at T3 or T4)) [3] and D (newly introduced site). The new four-site model was able to reproduce experimental TPD curves (Figure 1). The desorption energy of site D is cu. 82 kJ.mol"1. This value is rather close to desorption energy of 84 kJ.mol"1 found for the site B , however, the desorption entropy obtained for sites B and D are rather different -70 J.K. mol 1 and -130 J.K. mol"1 for sites B and D , respectively. We propose that the desorption site D can be attributed to so-called heterogeneous dual-cation site, where the CO molecule is bonded between monovalent copper ion and potassium cation. The sum of the calculated populations of sites B and D (Figure 2) fits well previously published population of B site for the Cu-Na-FER zeolite [3], Because the population of C type sites was... 

Diehn and Kint115) and Mikolajczyk and Diehn71) demonstrated specific inhibition of photoaccumulation and of the step-down photophobic response of Euglena gracilis, respectively, by potassium iodide. Iodide ions are known to de-excite flavins, but do not affect carotenoids87). For a description of the analogous experiments with corn coleoptiles, see Sect. 3.2 of the contribution by Schmidt in this volume. 

In this section we give a simple and qualitative description of chemisorption in terms of molecular orbital theory. It should provide a feeling for why some atoms such as potassium or chlorine acquire positive or negative charge upon adsorption, while other atoms remain more or less neutral. We explain qualitatively why a molecule adsorbs associatively or dissociatively, and we discuss the role of the work function in dissociation. The text is meant to provide some elementary background for the chapters on photoemission, thermal desorption and vibrational spectroscopy. We avoid theoretical formulae and refer for thorough treatments of chemisorption to the literature [2,6-8],... 

Fig. 5.17. (a) A combination of FIA with ISFET detection [52]. For a description, see the text, (b) A recording of simultaneous determination of potassium, calcium and pH in serum by FIA with ISFET detection [52]. A - potassium standard B - calcium plus pH standard 0 - baseline values in the carrier solution (physiological... 

Gomez etal. [160] have studied specific adsorption of potassium penicillin G (salt K) on Hg electrode from electrocapillary and capacity measurements. The Frumkin isotherm has been found applicable to the quantitative description of the data repulsive interaction parameter equaled —3.5 and standard free Gibbs energy of adsorption at the zero charge was —38.6 kJ mol h depended linearly... 

The first report on anionic polymerization appeared in the patent literature in 1910-1911. Matthews and Strange (l) in 1910 and later Harries (2) in 1911, described the preparation of polyisoprene using sodium and potassium as initiators. They mentioned the use of lithium as a possible initiator for this polymerization, but there seems to be no description of the polymer... 

Figure 6.3. First draft of a cause-and-effect diagram for the measurement of the purity of a sample of potassium hydrogen phthalate. See text for description of symbols.

---