Potable water production

NOTE The same polymer chemistries employed in the BW deposit control treatment market sector are also made available to other markets such as waste water, cooling water, potable water production from brackish or saline supplies, metal finishing, paint and coatings, electronics, pulp and paper, and more. 

Paper fiber removal in the pulp and paper industries Oils, greases, and other fats in food, oil refinery, and laundry wastes Clarification of chemically treated waters in potable water production Sewage sludge treatment... 

A state-of-the-art RO seawater system processes 50 million gallons per day with 50% feedwater recovery as potable water product using a 940-psi ( 65 bar) feed pressure [12]. These high pressures and flows are now routinely accommodated economically with compact vessels and high productivity membranes. An optimized thermal distillation plant with the same feedwater requires 1014 Btu/gal [78.5 (kwh)/m3] of water produced [8], while the state-of-the-art seawater RO system has an energy cost of only 2.2 (kwh)/m3 [8,12]. Using the current paradigm... 

Effluent fi"om CMP. Chip manufacturing industry Potable water production fi"om sea or brackish water Valuable metal recovery and toxic metal removal Valuable metal recovery Decomposition of relatively stable organic compound such as phenol Potable water production... 

Klibanov et al. [5, 6, 7] have reported on the removal efficiencies for over 30 different aromatic - amines and phenols from synthetic waters under laboratory conditions. Removal efficiencies ranged from 60% to greater than 99%. Furthermore, they have demonstrated that the presence of an easily removed substrate can enhance the removal efficiency for a more poorly removed compound. This fact is extremely important in drinking-water treatment, where a broad spectrum of oi nic compoimds are usually present at low concentrations [8, 9, 10 ]. Any such synergism would be very beneficial in potable water production. 

The optimum pH for flocculation is about 6.5 to 7.5 for aluminum salts and about 8.5 for iron salts. If the natural alkali content of the untreated water is insufficient to neutralize the acid formed, alkali has to be added (e.g. calcium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide). In addition flocculation aids such as poly(acrylamide) or starch derivatives may be added (not in the case of potable water production). When aluminum sulfate Al2(S04)3 I8H2O is used 10 to 30 g/m- is added. The very fine hydroxide flakes which precipitate are positively charged and adsorb the negatively charged colloidal organic materials and clay particles. 

The cost of potable water production from seawater is mainly dependent upon the cost of the energy consumed. It is, however, considerably higher than that for potable water produced from freshwater, a factor of 4 in Europe. 

Electric transmission lines (in a few locations) Support and maintenance equipment Crew accommodations Potable water production and storage Potable water transmission capability... 

Membrane-based separation processes are recognized as environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional separation techniques such as distillation or extraction. The field of large-scale applications covers the range of drinking water processing, potable water production, waste-water treatment, application in the food and pharmaceutical industries, recovery of aroma and active substances as well as sterile filtration of pharmaceuticals and clarification of beverages. 

Eor water-treatment processes such as drinking water or potable water production, reverse osmosis (desalination), nanofiltration, and ultrafiltration are mainly used. In these processes often a microfiltration stage is implemented as the first cleaning stage for the removal of dissolved organic matter, colloids and particles from the source. 

Clark M.M., Heneghan K.S. (1991), Ultrafiltration of lake water for potable water production. Desalination,... 

Ardox -alumina Phenol, N 3, acetic acid, formic acid, volatile urine compounds 60 -133 vacuum NR Potable water production for spacecraft 69... 

Arde" catalyst Urine vapors 38 50 torr NR Potable water production from urine 82... 

Relative Potable Water Production Capability as a Function of RO System Feedwater Temperature... 

The use of nuclear power as a source of energy for potable water production is both technically viable and economically competitive. CANDESAL s system integration and design optimization techniques provide significant improvements in the efficiency of energy use and the economics of water production. These features will allow nuclear desalination to play an important role in the solution to the Rowing global demand for water and electricity. 

International Atomic Enei Agency, Technical and economic evaluation of potable water production through desalination of seawater by using nuclear energy and other means, lAEA-TECDOC-666, Vienna, 1992. 

The main objective set at the beginning of this decade was to sort out electricity, heat and potable water production projects that are more suitable for decentralized power supply areas. 

Desalination Potable water production Seawater Brackish water... 

The viability of a membrane process for potable water production depends on the energy consumption. The power input reflects the pressure energy required to pump water molecules through a size/charge selective membrane and is expressed as SEC in kWh/m of product water. The foUowing relationships are used to calculate energy consumption ... 

These plications and the successM u if membranes in waste water treatment, potable water production, etc. suggests that these new technologies will have a serious impact on certain older purification methods in the near fiiture. 

In a longer-term, perhaps, independent power producers (IPP) and/or cogeneration process heat customers in developed countries who are entering markets for non-electric, energy intensive products such as hydrogen or potable water production, and who face merchanf plant financial conditions requiring short payback period... 

Three of the concepts, VBER-150 (7), KLT-20 (8), and ABV (9), are being designed as barge-mounted, complete power plants which can be towed from the factory to a water-accessible site, moored in a pre-prepared lagoon, and connected to a localized grid. Table 4 summarizes their characteristics. At 10 to 150 MW(e), these plants could support electrical needs for off-grid towns of up to several hundred thousand populations. They are also properly sized for support of industrial operations at remote, water-accessible locations. Moreover, all of these plants offer potable water production or district heating. 

The reactors addressed in this section drive Rankine steam cycles options are provided for turbine extraction-driven bottoming cycles for district heating and potable water production. 

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