Hapten-polysaccharide conjugates

Schlossman SF, Levine H (1967) Immunochemical studies on delayed and arthus-type hypersensitivity reactions. I. The relationship between antigenic determinant size and antibody combining site size. J Immunol 98 211-219 Schlossman SF, Yaron A, Ben-Efraim S, Sober HA (1965) Immunogenicity of a series of, N-DNP-L-lysines. Biochemistry 4 1638-1645 Schlossmann SF, Levine H, Yarou A (1968) Studies on the specificity of antibody to 2,4-dinitrophenyl-poly-L-lysines. Biochemistry 7 1-7 Schneider CH, de Week AL (1967) The reaction of benzylpenicillin with carbohydrates at neutral pH with a note on the immunogenicity of hapten polysaccharide conjugates. Im-munochemistry 4 331-343... 

Schneider CH, de Week AL (1967) The reaction of benzylpenicillin with carbohydrates at neutral pH with a note on the immunogenicity of hapten polysaccharide conjugates. Immunochemistry 4 331-343... 

In experimental studies on the formation of antibodies to a hapten-protein conjugate, it appears that the more immunogenic the protein, the better the response. Although proteins are usually the most efficient carriers, polypeptides, polysaccharides, lipid membranes, or even polynucleotides may be sufficient to impart im-munogenicity. In recent years, direct conjugation of simple chemicals to structural elements of cell membranes (especially of monocytes and macrophages) has been thought to play an important role in the induction of sensitization (de Weck 1975 Shearer 1975). The protein carrier or cell membrane structure of the host may contribute to the specificity of the response (partial autoimmunity). 

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