Polymers furfural resins

Petroleum polymer resins Phenol-furfural resins Phenolic resins Phenoxy resins Phthalic alkyd resins Phthalic anhydride resins Polyacrylonitrile resins Polyamide resins Polycarbonate resins Polyesters Polyethylene resins Polyhexamothylemediamine adipamide resins Polyisobutylenes Polymerization plastics, except fibers... 

The phosphorylation of phenol-furfural condensate l03) affords a cation-exchange resin with improved thermal and chemical resistance. The heat treatment104> of phosphonic add resins from furfural resins, phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, and polystyrene at 100-180 °C for 10-48 h shows that the furfural-based phosphonic acid resins possess higher thermal stability than those from the other two polymers. 

Phenol-furfural resins Polyvinyl acetate and its co-polymers... 

Specific Heat Capacity. Representative values of specific heat capacity are shown in Tables 3 and 6. The range of values is only about 850 to 2400 J/(kgK) or barely a factor of three. As a general rule, differences are usually associated with the molecular composition of the polymer and less with molecular architecture, although crystallinity may be important. For example, a comparison of three forms of polyethylene (Table 6) reveals little difference in heat capacity the high density, and hence more crystalline, form has a somewhat lower value. Similarly, no differences are observed between two grades of phenol-formaldehyde resin, or between them and phenol-furfural resin. However, in comparing isotactic and atactic (amorphous) polypropylene shown in Table 3 with values of 1790 and 2350 J/(kg K), respectively, a fairly substantial difference is observed the more ordered, denser isotactic form has the lower heat capacity, as is to be expected. However, comparable values of isotactic and atactic polystyrene have been reported to be 1264 and 1227 J/(kg-K), respectively (65) here the difference is small. 

Furfural can be classified as a reactive solvent. It resiniftes in the presence of strong acid the reaction is accelerated by heat. Furfural is an excellent solvent for many organic materials, especially resins and polymers. On catalyzation and curing of such a solution, a hard rigid matrix results, which does not soften on heating and is not affected by most solvents and corrosive chemicals. 

Furfural is a resin former under the influence of strong acid. It will self-resinify as well as form copolymer resins with furfuryl alcohol, phenoHc compounds, or convertible resins of these. Conditions of polymerization, whether aqueous or anhydrous, inert or oxygen atmosphere, all affect the composition of the polymer. Numerous patents have issued relating to polymerization and to appHcations. Although the resins exhibit a degree of britdeness, they have many outstanding properties a number of appHcations are discussed under "Uses."... 

Several early interpretations of the polymerization mechanism have been proposed (1,17,29—31). Because of the complexity of this polymerization and insoluble character of the products, key intermediates have not ordinarily been isolated, nor have the products been characterized. Later work, however, on the resinification of furfural (32,33) has provided a new insight on the polymerization mechanism, particularly with respect to thermal reaction at 100—250°C in the absence of air. Based on the isolation and characterization of two intermediate products (9) and (10), stmcture (11) was proposed for the final resin. This work also explains the color produced during resinification, which always is a characteristic of the final polymer (33). The resinification chemistry is discussed in a recent review (5). 

Furfural reacts with ketones to form strong, crosslinked resins of technical interest in the former Soviet Union the U.S. Air Force has also shown some interest (42,43). The so-called furfurylidene acetone monomer, a mixture of 2-furfurylidene methyl ketone [623-15-4] (1 )> bis-(2-furfurylidene) ketone [886-77-1] (14), mesityl oxide, and other oligomers, is obtained by condensation of furfural and acetone under basic conditions (44,45). Treatment of the "monomer" with an acidic catalyst leads initially to polymer of low molecular weight and ultimately to cross-linked, black, insoluble, heat-resistant resin (46). 

Furfural—acetone resins have been used to form resin-aggregate mixtures referred to as organic concretes. Despite the reportedly excellent properties, there has been virtually no commercial use of such resins outside the former Soviet Union. The stmctures and polymerization mechanisms of these furfural—aldehyde—ketone polymers are discussed in a review (6). 

Group of plastics composed of resins in which the furane ring is an integral portion of the polymer chain made from polymerization or polyconden-sation of furfural, furfural alcohol and other compounds containing furane rings also formed by reaction of furane compounds with an equal weight or less of other compounds. 

Euran Furan resins are thermosetting polymers derived from furfuryl alcohol and Furfural. The cure must be carefully controlled to avoid the formation of blisters and delaminations. To obtain optimum strength and corrosion resistance, furan composites must undergo a postcure schedule at carefully selected temperatures depending upon the laminate thickness. Equipment made with furan resins exhibits excellent resistance to solvents and combinations of acids and solvents. These resins are not for use in strong oxidizing environments. 

Uses. Solvent refining of lubricating oils, resins, and other organic materials as insecticide, fungicide, germicide an intermediate for tetrahydrofuran, furfural alcohol, phenolic and furan polymers... 

Furans. The last statement is certainly true of furans derived from sugars (142,143), particularly furfural and furfuryl alcohol, which is readily derived from furfural (144)- Dr. McKillip of QO Chemicals discusses furan resin chemistry and furan polymers in Chapter 29. Dr. Stanford and his colleagues at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology discuss the use of a diisocyanate derived from furfural for polyurethane production in Chapter 30. 

Copolymers of furfural with phenol or phenol-formaldehyde polymers have been available commercially for many years. Since the acid-catalyzed reaction of furfural and phenol has been difficult to control, most industrial applications involve the use of alkaline catalysts. Furfural-phenol resins are used for their alkali resistance, enhanced thermal stability, and good electrical properties compared to phenol-formaldehyde resins. 

Treatment of the monomer with an acidic catalyst leads initially to polymers of low molecular weight and ultimately to crosslinked, black, insoluble, heat-resistant resin (17). Despite their reportedly excellent properties, virtually no commercial use of such resins exists outside the Soviet Union. The structure and polymerization mechanism of these furfural-ketone polymers are described in a recent study (18). An excellent combustion-resistant resin has been reported (19) from the addition of dialkylphosphites to bis(2-furfurylidene) ketone (6). Furfural condensates with other aliphatic and aromatic ketones have been reported (20,21) to provide photo-crosslinkable resins and hypergol components. 

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