Polymeric nanoparticle

There is currently considerable interest in processing polymeric composite materials filled with nanosized rigid particles. This class of material called "nanocomposites" describes two-phase materials where one of the phases has at least one dimension lower than 100 nm [13]. Because the building blocks of nanocomposites are of nanoscale, they have an enormous interface area. Due to this there are a lot of interfaces between two intermixed phases compared to usual microcomposites. In addition to this, the mean distance between the particles is also smaller due to their small size which favors filler-filler interactions [14]. Nanomaterials not only include metallic, bimetallic and metal oxide but also polymeric nanoparticles as well as advanced materials like carbon nanotubes and dendrimers. However considering environmetal hazards, research has been focused on various means which form the basis of green nanotechnology. 

Formation of Nanoemulsions by Low-Energy Methods and Their Use as Templates for the Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles... 

Preparation of Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles 2.1 PLGA Nanoparticles... 

Fig. 3 Preparation of polymeric nanoparticles by emulsion solvent evaporation technique...

Polymeric Nanoparticles for Antigen Delivery and Adjuvant 3.1 Preparation of Antigen-Loaded Nanoparticles... 

Soppimath KS, Aminabhavi TM, Kulkami AR et al (2001) Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles as dmg delivery devices. J Control Release 70 1-20... 

Wang X, Akagi T, Akashi M et al (2007) Development of core-corona type polymeric nanoparticles as an anti-HIV-1 vaccine. Mini-Rev Org Chem 4 281-290... 

Kumari A, Yadav SK, Yadav SC (2009) Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles based drug delivery systems. Colloids Surf B 75 1-18... 

Lee PW, Peng SF, Su CJ et al (2008) The use of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles in combination with a low-pressure gene gun for transdermal DNA delivery. Biomaterials 29 742-751... 

Fig. 30 Types of nanocarriers for drug delivery, (a) Polymeric nanoparticles polymeric nanoparticles in which drugs are conjugated to or encapsulated in polymers, (b) Polymeric micelles amphiphilic block copolymers that form nanosized core-shell structures in aqueous solution. The hydrophobic core region serves as a reservoir for hydrophobic drugs, whereas hydrophilic shell region stabilizes the hydrophobic core and renders the polymer water-soluble.

Novel thermally responsive polymeric nanoparticles that show high colloidal stability were prepared by Laukkanen et al. via emulsion polymerisation of VCL in the presence of the amphiphilic macromonomer cw-methoxy polyethylene oxide undecyl a-methacrylate (MAC11EO42) (Fig. 15) [177,178,182]. The macromonomer itself proved to be highly sur-... 

Venugopalan P, Sapre A, Venkatesan N, and Vyas SP (2001) Pelleted bioadhesive polymeric nanoparticles for buccal delivery of insulin Preparation and characterization. Pharmazie 56 217-219. 

The use of polymeric nanoparticles in the eye has gained considerable interests in recent years. Ocular disposition, safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic profiles of various nanoparticles offer a wide range of application for the delivery of many drugs used to treat common ocular disorders. Polymeric nanoparticles have been utilized to enhance the performance of ibuprofen and cyclosporine, while reducing systemic side effect of carteolol compared with... 

The procedure chosen for the preparation of lipid complexes of AmB was nanoprecipitation. This procedure has been developed in our laboratory for a number of years and can be applied to the formulation of a number of different colloidal systems liposomes, microemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles (nanospheres and nanocapsules), complexes, and pure drug particles (14-16). Briefly, the substances of interest are dissolved in a solvent A and this solution is poured into a nonsolvent B of the substance that is miscible with the solvent A. As the solvent diffuses, the dissolved material is stranded as small particles, typically 100 to 400 nm in diameter. The solvent is usually an alcohol, acetone, or tetrahydrofuran and the nonsolvent A is usually water or aqueous buffer, with or without a hydrophilic surfactant to improve colloid stability after formation. Solvent A can be removed by evaporation under vacuum, which can also be used to concentrate the suspension. The concentration of the substance of interest in the organic solvent and the proportions of the two solvents are the main parameters influencing the final size of the particles. For liposomes, this method is similar to the ethanol injection technique proposed by Batzii and Korn in 1973 (17), which is however limited to 40 mM of lipids in ethanol and 10% of ethanol in final aqueous suspension. 

Eaust RA (1994) Toxicity summary for toluene, Oak Ridge reservation environmental restoration program. Available at http //rais.oml.gov/tox/profiles/toluene f Vl.shtml Eear NT, Roman E, Reeves G, Panneft B (1998) Childhood cancer and paternal employment in agriculture The role of pesticides. Br J Cancer 77 825-829 Eemandez-Urrusuno R, Eattal E, Eeger J, Couvreur P, Therond P (1997) Evaluation of hepatic antioxidant systems after intravenous administration of polymeric nanoparticles. Biomaterials 18 511-517... 

Polymeric Nanoparticles or Microparticles-Based Gene Delivery System... 

Incorporation of bioactive ingredients into lipid (micellar) or polymeric nanoparticles (1-1000 nm)... 

Bhardwaj, V., Hariharan, S., Bala, I., Lamprecht, A., Kumar, N., Panchagnula, R., Kumar, M.N.V.R. (2005). Pharmaceutical aspects of polymeric nanoparticles for oral delivery. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology, 1, 235-258. 

Figure 2 Schematic of the emulsion-based process typically used for preparation of polymeric nanoparticles.

Buccal delivery for insulin has been investigated using different formulations such as buccoadhesive tablets [105], deformable vesicles [97], and pelleted bioadhesive polymeric nanoparticles [98],... 

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