Polymerization nanoparticles preparation

Table 5 Drug-Containing Polymeric Nanoparticles Prepared by Using Various Supercritical Fluid Techniques... 

E. Pindn-Segundo, M.G. Nava-Arzaluz, D. Lechuga-Ballesteros. Pharmaceutical polymeric nanoparticles prepared by the double emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. Recent Pat DrugDeliv Formul. 6 (3) 224-235,2012. 

Wang X and Folz V J (2003) Multilayer polymeric nanoparticle preparation and applications in rubbers, US Patent Appl 2003149185, to Bridgestone Corp. 

Formation of Nanoemulsions by Low-Energy Methods and Their Use as Templates for the Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles... 

Caldero, G., Garcfa-Celma, M.J. and Solans, C. (2011) Formation of polymeric nano-emulsions by a low-energy method and their use for nanoparticle preparation. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 353, 406-411. 

Preparation of Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles 2.1 PLGA Nanoparticles... 

Fig. 3 Preparation of polymeric nanoparticles by emulsion solvent evaporation technique...

Polymeric Nanoparticles for Antigen Delivery and Adjuvant 3.1 Preparation of Antigen-Loaded Nanoparticles... 

Novel thermally responsive polymeric nanoparticles that show high colloidal stability were prepared by Laukkanen et al. via emulsion polymerisation of VCL in the presence of the amphiphilic macromonomer cw-methoxy polyethylene oxide undecyl a-methacrylate (MAC11EO42) (Fig. 15) [177,178,182]. The macromonomer itself proved to be highly sur-... 

Venugopalan P, Sapre A, Venkatesan N, and Vyas SP (2001) Pelleted bioadhesive polymeric nanoparticles for buccal delivery of insulin Preparation and characterization. Pharmazie 56 217-219. 

The procedure chosen for the preparation of lipid complexes of AmB was nanoprecipitation. This procedure has been developed in our laboratory for a number of years and can be applied to the formulation of a number of different colloidal systems liposomes, microemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles (nanospheres and nanocapsules), complexes, and pure drug particles (14-16). Briefly, the substances of interest are dissolved in a solvent A and this solution is poured into a nonsolvent B of the substance that is miscible with the solvent A. As the solvent diffuses, the dissolved material is stranded as small particles, typically 100 to 400 nm in diameter. The solvent is usually an alcohol, acetone, or tetrahydrofuran and the nonsolvent A is usually water or aqueous buffer, with or without a hydrophilic surfactant to improve colloid stability after formation. Solvent A can be removed by evaporation under vacuum, which can also be used to concentrate the suspension. The concentration of the substance of interest in the organic solvent and the proportions of the two solvents are the main parameters influencing the final size of the particles. For liposomes, this method is similar to the ethanol injection technique proposed by Batzii and Korn in 1973 (17), which is however limited to 40 mM of lipids in ethanol and 10% of ethanol in final aqueous suspension. 

Figure 2 Schematic of the emulsion-based process typically used for preparation of polymeric nanoparticles.

MIP nanoparticles (prepared for example by precipitation polymerization) may also be used in this technique. To avoid problems with optical detection in the... 

A recent example of how silica nanoparticles prepared by the Stober method can be used as supports was the work of Gao et al., who derivatized a silica nanoparticle first with APTMS and then with acryloyl chloride to form reactive vinyl groups.74 A polymer shell with sites imprinted with the template, TNT, was then formed around the silica nanoparticle using conventional acrylic organic polymerization procedures. The capacity and binding kinetics were shown to be significantly better than traditional imprinted particles.74... 

Fig. 9a,b. Transmission electron microscope photograph of MIP nanoparticles prepared by miniemulsion polymerization a control polymer prepared in absence of template b polymer prepared in presence of template l-BFA [30]... 

Nanoparticles/Nanocapsules Obtained by Inter facial Polymerization Nanoparticles/ nanocapsules can be obtained by fast polymerization of a monomer at the interface between the organic and the aqueous phase of an emulsion. Alkylcyanoacrylates have been proposed for the preparation of both oil- and water-containing nanocapsules [59], These monomers polymerize within a few seconds, initiated by hydroxyl ions from equilibrium dissociation of water or by nucleophilic groups of any compound of the polymerization medium. 

Both hydrophilic and lipophilic surfactants can be used to stabilize the polymeric nanoparticles. Generally the lipophilic surfactant is a natural lecithin of relatively low phosphotidylcholine content, whereas the hydrophilic one is synthetic anionic (lauryl sulfate), cationic (quaternary ammonium), or more commonly nonionic [poly(oxyethylene)-poly(propylene)glycol]. Nanoparticles can be prepared in the absence of surfactants, but there are lots more chances to get aggregated during storage. 

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