Crosslinked Polymeric Nanoparticles

Mu B, Shen RP, Liu P (2009) Crosslinked polymeric nanocapsules from polymer brushes grafted silica nanoparticles via surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. Colloid SurfB 74 511-515... 

S. Blomberg, S. Ostberg, E. Harth, A.W. Bosman, B. van Horn, C.J. Hawker, Production of crosslinked, hollow nanoparticles by surface-initiated living free-radical polymerization,/. Polym. Sci., Part A Polym. Chem. 2002, 40,1309-1320. 

In a study by da Silva et al. [44], covalent TiO -co-pectin microspheres containing nanoparticles, which were produced via ultrasound-induced crosslinking/ polymerization reaction, showed slower drug release compared to that of pure pectin. 

A new variation of interfacial polymerization was developed by Russell and Emrick in which functionalized nanoparticles or premade oligomers self-assemble at the interface of droplets, stabilizing them against coalescence. The functional groups are then crosslinked, forming permanent capsule shells around the droplets to make water-in-oil (Lin et al. 2003 Skaff et al. 2005) and oil-in-water (Breitenkamp and Emrick 2003 Glogowski et al. 2007) microcapsules with elastic membranes. 

Enzymatic polymerizations have been established as a promising and versatile technique in the synthetic toolbox of polymer chemists. The applicability of this technique for homo- and copolymerizations has been known for some time. With the increasing number of reports on the synthesis of more complex structures like block copolymers, graft copolymers, chiral (co)polymers, and chiral crosslinked nanoparticles, its potential further increases. Although not a controlled polymerization technique itself, clever reaction design and integration with other polymerization techniques like controlled radical polymerization allows the procurement of well-defined polymer structures. Specific unique attributes of the enzyme can be applied... 

In inverse (water-in-oil) miniemulsions, hydrophilic monomers can easily be polymerized. Here, the monomer or the monomer solution is miniemulsified in a continuous hydrophobic phase. The polymerization can be initiated either from the droplet or from the continuous phase. Using crosslinking agent(s) in the monomer mixture leads to the formation of microgel nanoparticles after polymerization, keeping their identity after transferring them into water as continuous phase. This way, nanoparticles based on acrylic acid, acrylamide (AAm) and HEMA could successfully be obtained (see Fig. 3) [2],... 

Core-shell nanoparticles can also be fabricated using microemulsions. This was performed using a two-stage microemulsion polymerization beginning with a polystyrene seed [62]. Butyl acrylate was then added in a second step to yield a core-shell PS/PBA morphology. The small microlatex led to better mechanical properties than those of similar products produced by emulsion polymerization. Hollow polystyrene particles have also been produced by microemulsion polymerization of MMA in the core with crosslinking of styrene on the shell. After the synthesis of core-shell particles with crosslinked PS shells, the PMMA core was dissolved with methylene chloride [63]. The direct cross-... 

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